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BMS 208
Exam 1-- Study Up!
161
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/15/2009

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Term
Anatomical Position
Definition
Standing erect, feet flat on the ground, arms at one's side, palms facing forward
Term
Anatomy
Definition
The scientific study of the structure of an object
Term
Physiology
Definition
The scientific study of the function of an object
Term
Medial
Definition
towards the middle of one's body
Term
Lateral
Definition
Towards the outside
Term
Anterior
Definition
Frontside
Term
Posterior
Definition
Backside
Term
Superior
Definition
Towards the head
Term
Inferior
Definition
Towards one's feet
Term
Superficial
Definition
On the outside (skin layer)
Term
Deep
Definition
On the inside (beneath the skin layer)
Term
Proximal
Definition
closer to the origin of a structure or root of a limb
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the origin of a structure or the root of a limb
Term
Transversal Plane
Definition
Horizontal plane, sometimes known as the "cross-sectional" plane.
Term
Frontal Coronal Plane
Definition
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Term
Saggital Plane
Definition
Divides the body into left and right portions.
Term
Level of organization in the human body
Definition
Atoms/ molecules, Subcellular Structures, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms
Term
Cellular membrane
Definition
Surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and physically separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment... similar to human skin.
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
Contains the organelles of the cell. Inside the cellular membrane.
Term
Epithilial Tissue
Definition
Avascular. Lines body cavities and organs. One side of the cell is touching/facing air or fluid. Sits on a basement membrane!
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Synthesize proteins.
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Sythesizes Lipids and steriods
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Folds proteins. Processes and packages proteins made by the ER.
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
All connective tissues contain cells which are suspended or surrounded by an extracellular matrix.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
contain digestive enzymes which consume worn out or multiple organelles, viruses, and bacteria.
Term
peroxisome
Definition
Contains enzymes that rid the cells of harmful peroxides. Consumes fatty acids.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Powerhouse of the cell. Produces ATP
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Contains genetic information (DNA).
Term
Bone Tissue
Definition
Provide Rigid support and protection. Aids in movement, site of blood cell formation (hemopoiesis), storage for chemical salts (calcium)
Term
Simple Squamous
Definition
One layer flat cells. Found in the aveoli of the lungs
Term
Simple Cuboidal
Definition
Composed of one layered cube-shaped cells.
Found in the walls of kidney tubules, ducts of glands, lining of your ovaries.
Term
simple columnar
Definition
One layered column shaped cells (tall and skinny) Lines the gut from stomach to rectum.
Term
Stratified Squamous
Definition
Numerous layers of flattened cells. Makes up the epidermal layer of the skin
Term
Secretory Portion
Definition
Made of glandular cells that produce material.
Term
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Definition
Single layer of tall and short cells appearing at two levels, but in reality all at basal surface. Tallest cells contain cilia. found in the Lining of the respiratory tract.
Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition
Stratified epithiliem lining the stretchable organs such as the urinary bladder.
Term
Glandular epithilium
Definition
capable of secreting a specific substance. Creates an invagination from the surface.
Term
simple
Definition
Single layer of cells resting on a basement membrane.
Term
stratified
Definition
Two or more layers with deepest layer resting on a basement membrane.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
Sorts proteins synthesized by the ribosomes.
Term
pseudostratified
Definition
cells that appear to be in multiple layers, but in fact, they all lie on the basement membrane.
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
AKA ducted glands.
These glands are connected to the epithileal surface by a duct. Have 2 regions. Example: Sweat Glands
Term
Duct Portion
Definition
Lined with ductal cells that channel secreted materials.
Term
Simple Duct
Definition
Continuous, no evidence of branching
Term
compound duct
Definition
displays some degree of branching
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
AKA ductless glands.
Glandular cells have no connection to epithelial surface. Products are secreted directly into the blood. Example: Thyroid gland.
Term
Connective Tissue Proper
Definition
includes loose (areolar), fat, dense regular, dense irregular
Term
fluid type connective tissue
Definition
blood and lymph
Term
supporting connective tissue
Definition
cartilage and bone
Term
Types of cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
Term
Types of Bone
Definition
Compact Bone, Spongey Bone.
Term
Loose Connective Tissue
Definition
Fat Tissue (adipose), areolar tissue.
Term
Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, elastic
Term
Connective Tissue Proper
Definition
Holds or fastens structures together and provides flexible or inflexible rigid support. Various cell types are suspended in an extracellular matrix.
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
makes collagen, elastic and reticular fibers.
Term
macrophages
Definition
immune cells.
Term
adipocytes
Definition
fat cells
Term
mesenchymal cells
Definition
stem cells still capable of differentiating into specialized cell types.
Term
melanocytes
Definition
pigment cells. Melanin Cells.
Term
mast cells
Definition
contain histamine, and stimulate inflammation upon tissue injury. (Goose egg)
Term
extracellular matrix (ECM)
Definition
formed from cells in the connective tissue, and is composed of fibers, such as collagen and elastic, and a ground substance.
Term
gound substance
Definition
tissue fluid composed of proteins and polysaccharides. The fluid type determines the consistency of the ground substance.
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
loosely woven tissue that fills spaces between organs. cells are suspended in a "syrupy" ground substance.
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
composed of adipocytes.
white fat- pale yellow appearance, not very vascularized.
Brown Fat- Very vazcularized tissue used for HEAT PRODUCTION via neural stimulation.
Term
dense regular connective tissue
Definition
densely packed collagen fibers all in a parallel arrangement providing strength along orientation of fibers. EX: Tendons, ligaments
Term
Tendons
Definition
Connect muscle to bone
Term
ligaments
Definition
connect bone to bone.
Term
dense irregular connective tissue
Definition
densely packed collagen fibers randomly located providing strength in all directions. EX: Dermal layer of skin
Term
elastic tissue
Definition
densely packed regular array of elastic tissues.
EX: Wall of the blood vessels
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
chondrocytes lie in a dense matrix called a lacunae. Avascular. rigid and stiff.
EX: Nasal Cartilage. Joint cartilage
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
Chondrocytes lie in lacunae.
Extracellular matirx composed of thick, wavy, bundles of collagen fibers.
EX: Meniscus
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
Chondrocytes lie in lacunae. Extracellular matrix has less densely packed collagen fibers and a higher abundance of elastic fibers for increased flexibility. EX: Outer Ear
Term
Bone Tissue
Definition
Provide rigid support and protection, and aid in movement. Also the site of hematopoesis.
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature cells in spaces (lacunae) in the matrix. Develop from osteoblasts that have become surrounded by the matrix.
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
cells that produce fibers and ground substance. Found on the surface of any developing bone area.
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
cells capable of degrading and reabsorbing matrix. found on the surface of bone area being reabsorbed.
Term
bone matrix is made up of
Definition
mineral salts (Calcium phosphate etc.) and collagen
Term
Types of bone tissue
Definition
Compact (dense) bone
and Spongey Bone
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone.
Term
marrow cavity
Definition
where the marrow is kept. synthesizes red and white blood cells.
Term
osteon
Definition
fnctional unit of the haversian system. In bones. surrounds the central canal.
Term
endosteum
Definition
thin layer of connective tissue that lines the inside of long bones and forms the marrow cavity.
Term
muscle tissue types
Definition
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
small, striated and involuntary
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
small, non striated, and involuntary
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
large muscle, striated, and voluntary
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
multiple nuclei. unicellular
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
(CNS)
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
PNS
peripheral nerves.
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
ANS
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system.
Term
neurons
Definition
consists of dendrite, soma, and axon. Brain cell.
Term
Soma
Definition
Soma makes the signal
Term
dendrite
Definition
recieves signal.
Term
neuroglial cells
Definition
support functions of the neurons and the nervous system. Nerve glue. Feeds neurons.
Term
integumentary system
Definition
cutaneous membrane (skin)- epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Accessory structures- Hair, nails, multicellular exocrine
Term
Protective Functions of the subcutaneous tissue:
Definition
Protection from UV rays, prevents loss of body fluids, inhibits the invasion bacteria,
Term
Excretive functions of Skin
Definition
sweat glands allow for perspiration and loss of water, salt and urea. Thermal regulation, storage of nutrients, synthesis of vitamin D.
Term
meissner's corpuscle
Definition
detects pressure/light touch in dermal papilla
Term
pacinian corpuscle
Definition
detects deep pressure in reticular layer of dermis.
Term
epidermis
Definition
stratified squamous epithilium
Term
5 layers of skin
Definition
stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Term
stratum germinativum
Definition
contain stem cells. contains melanocytes. unique pattern of epidermal ridges formed from underlying dermal papilla (FINGERPRINTS)
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
spiney shaped cells derived from the division of stem cells. Langerhans cells= macrophage type immune cells.
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
production of keratin and keratohyalin granules occur, eventually killing the cells
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
glassy layer of flattened cells seen in the thick skin of the palms and soles.
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
tightly packed dead karatinocytes full of keratin. Takes 2 weeks for these cells to shed.
Term
dermal layers
Definition
papillary layer and reticular layer
Term
papillary layer
Definition
dermal papilla that project into epidermal ridges. contains blood vessels and nerves that supply surface of skin
Term
reticular layer
Definition
composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Bundles of collagen fibers extend into the reticular layer and subcutaneous layer. all other cells of connective tissue proper also located here. effects of aging, uv rays and hormones reduce the amount of elastin causing wrinkles.
Term
subcutaneous layer
Definition
hypodermis. consists of loose tissue and adipose tissue and ontains large arteries and veins. Hypodermic needles used for shots.
Term
accessory epidermal derivatives
Definition
hair, nails, and exocrine glands
Term
cuticle
Definition
exterior, hard layer of the hair.
Term
arrector pilli muscles
Definition
make goosebumps possible. Make your hair stand up.
Term
subaceous gland
Definition
releases oil in the hair.
Term
apocrine sweat glands
Definition
abundant in armpits
secretes sticky, odorous secretion into the hair follicles.
Term
merocrine sweat glands
Definition
common sweat glands, widely distributed throughout the skins surface.
releases electrolytes and water onto the skins surface
Term
ceruminious glands
Definition
release earwax
Term
simple coiled tubular glands
Definition
merocrine sweat glands AKA common sweat glands
Term
simple branched alveolar
Definition
sebaceous glands
Term
compound alveolar
Definition
mammary glands
Term
cranium
Definition
skull
Term
facies
Definition
face
Term
frons
Definition
forehead
Term
oculus
Definition
eye
Term
bucca
Definition
cheek
Term
auris
Definition
ear
Term
nasus
Definition
nose
Term
oris
Definition
mouth
Term
mentis
Definition
chin
Term
cervicis
Definition
neck
Term
axilla
Definition
armpit
Term
brachium
Definition
arm
Term
antecubitis
Definition
front of elbow
Term
antebrachium
Definition
forearm
Term
carpus
Definition
wrist
Term
palma
Definition
palm
Term
pollex
Definition
thumb
Term
digits
Definition
fingers/toes
Term
thoracis
Definition
thorax/chest
Term
mamma
Definition
breast
Term
abdomen
Definition
abdomen
Term
umbilicus
Definition
belly button
Term
pelvis
Definition
Term
inguen
Definition
groin
Term
pubis
Definition
anterior pelvis
Term
femur
Definition
thigh
Term
pes
Definition
foot
Term
patella
Definition
kneecap
Term
crus
Definition
leg
Term
tarsus
Definition
ankle
Term
hallux
Definition
big toe
Term
cephalon
Definition
head (posterior)
Term
dorsum
Definition
back
Term
olecranon
Definition
back of elbow
Term
lumbus
Definition
above your butt.
Term
manus
Definition
hand
Term
gluteus
Definition
butt
Term
popliteus
Definition
back of the knee
Term
sura
Definition
calf
Term
calcaneus
Definition
heel
Term
planta
Definition
sole of foot
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