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BMB 1 Week 2
second week of module 1 bmb
81
Anatomy
Graduate
04/21/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

Diencephalon

Definition
  • positioned between the brainstem and telencephalon
  • two symmetric halves separated by the third ventricle
  • rostrally, the diencephalon is seperated from the telencephalon by the collection of the interventricular foramen, the lamina terminalis and the optic chiasm
  • at the midle, the junction between the diencephalon and midbrain lies along a line extending from the caudal edge of the mammillary body to the posterior commisure
  • laterally, the internal capsule separates the diencephalon from the telencephalon
Term

 

 

 

Dorsal Thalamus

Definition
  • gateway
  • covered and subdivided by thin sheets of myelinated axons
  • lateral covering is called the external medullary lamina. internal medullary lamina(within thalamus) subdivides the thalamus
  • subdivisions: anterior thalamic, medial thalamic, lateral thalamic nuclei
  • anterior nuclei is to recieve and send info tied to the limbic system
Term

 

 

 

Dorsal thalamus

Medial Thalamic Nuclei

Definition
  • major nucleus of the medial thalamic subdivision is the mediodorsal nucleus
  • major functions of the mediodorsal nucleus include: mood, personality, emotion, eye movement
Term

 

 

 

Dorsal Thalamus

Lateral Thalamic Nuclei

Definition
  • divided into two tiers
  • dorsal tier: Lateral Dorsal(LD), lateral poserior(LP), and pulvinar (found in lab)
  • Ventral Tier: VA, VL, VP, VPM, LGN, MGB: explained on another card
Term

 

 

 

Lateral Thalamic Nuclei

Ventral Tier

Definition
  • Ventral Anterior(VA): Motor
  • Ventral Lateral(VL): Motor
  • Ventral Posterolateral (VPL): Somatosensory (from body)
  • Ventral Posteromedial (VPM): Somatosensory (from face, CN V)
  • Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN): Vision (bump)
  • Medial Geniculate Body (MGB): Auditory (bump)
Term

 

 

 

Hypothalamus

Definition
  • collection of nuclei that regulate homeostatic functions via the autonomic nervous system and endocrine activities
  • rough "triangle" formed by the anterior commissure, the mammillary bodies(which are part of the diencephalon) and the optic chiasm 
  • collection of functionally distinct nuclei
Term

 

 

 

Epithalamus

Definition
  • prominent structures of the epithalamus are the pineal gland, habenula and the stria medullaris
  • pineal gland: production of melatonin
  • habenula: motivation control of behavior, anterior to pineal gland
  • stria medullaris thalami: fiber tract located on the dorsomedial aspect of the dorsal thalamus
Term

 

 

 

Ventral Thalamus

Definition
  • only nuclei of the ventral thalamus we will discuss is the subthalamic nucleus
  • subthalamic nucleus is located posterior to hypothalamus
  • involved in movement and associated with the basal ganglia
  • most readily identified in coronal slabs
Term

 

 

 

Thalamogeniculate Stroke

Definition
  • blood supply to the diencephalon
  • loss of sensory relay(hemianesthesia) through the ventral posterior (VPL(dorsal column)/VPM(trigeminal) nuclei
Term

 

 

 

Internal capsule

Definition
  • large fiber tract that connects the dorsal thalamus to the cerebral cortex(also connects cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord)
  • part of the telencephalon
  • useful landmark when you are look at the wet specimens in the laboratory
Term

 

 

 

Telencephalon

Definition
  • two large hemispheres of cerebral cortex(gray matter)
  • deep fissure called the longitudinal fissure separates these hemispheres
  • groove and valley appearance of the cerebral cortex occurs as the cortex folds on itself to allow for more surface area
  • below the cerebral cortex is an expansive region of subcortical white matter that carries neural connections to and from cortex
  • buried in the telencephalon are structures with various functions: basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdala
Term

 

 

 

Cerebral Cortex

Definition
  • cerebral cortex is the major brain area associated with perception, consciousness and higher thought
  • cerebral cortex coves nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres and is a layered structure
  • most cortex is 6 layered(neocortex)
  • a couple restricted areas of cerebral cortex contain 3 layers: archicortex(hippocampus) and paleocortex (olfaction)
Term

 

 

 

Cerebral Cortex

Frontal

Definition
  • contains precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex/Brodmann Area 4
  • genreal functions: motor, speech, executuive functions(judgment, planning and problem solving)
Term

 

 

 

Cerebral Cortex

Parietal

Definition
  • contains postcentral gyrus/primary somatosensory cortex
  • general functions: somatosensation, high-level visual processing, sensory integration, attention
Term

 

 

 

Cerebral Cortex

Occipital 

Definition
  • contains visual cortices
Term

 

 

 

Cerebral Cortex

Temporal

 

Definition
  • contains primary auditory cortex
  • general functions: audition, high-level visual processing, olfactory processing, memory
Term

 

 

 

Subcortical White Matter

Definition
  • projection fibers internal capsule: genu, anterior and posterior limb
  • commissural fibers: corpus callosum(rostrum, genu, body, splenium), anterior and posterior commissure
  • associated fibers
Term

 

 

 

Internal capsule

Definition
  • contains fibers traveling to and from the cerebral cortex (anterior limb, genu, posterior limb)
  • ascending fibers are from thalamic nuclei
  • descending fibers are from the cerebral cortex and targeting subcortical nuclei and the spinal cord
  • corticobulbar is at the genu(cortex to cranial nerves)
  • frontopontine and thalamic are more anterior to the genu
Term

 

 

 

Internal Capsule

Genu

Definition
  • this is the bend in the internal capsule
  • contains fibers from recentral gyrus that project down to motor nuclei of the cranial nerves
  • corticobulbar fibers in genu(cortex to brainstem)
Term

 

 

 

Internal Capsule

Anterior Limb

Definition
  • contains fibers that interconnect the dorsomedial and anteriorthalamic nuclei with the frontal and cingulate gyrus
Term

 

 

 

Internal Capsule

Posterior Limb

Definition
  • larger than anterior limb
  • anterior portion primarily contains motor fibers (corticospinal)
  • posterior portion primarily contains somatosensory, auditory and visual fibers(sensory, temporopontine, visual and auditory)
Term

 

 

 

Commissural Fibers

Definition
  • commissural fibers connect left and right hemispheres
  • corpus callosum: huge commisure that forms the roof of most of the lateral ventricles(4 parts)
  • anterior commissure: located rostral to the collums of the fornix, interconnects various regions of the frontal and temporal lobes
  • posterior commissure: located rostral to the superior colliculus. interconnects caudal parts of the diencephalon (pupillary light reflex)
Term

 

 

 

Association Fibers

Definition
  • fibers that connect areas of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
  • you do not need to know names of individual pathways
Term

 

 

 

Basal Ganglia

Definition
  • caudate: head and tail
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus: internal and external
  • combined, the caudate nucleus and the putamen and the striatum
  • combined, the putamen and the globus pallidus is the lentiform nucleus
  • basal ganglia has an extensive role in movement
  • convoluted C shaped structure
Term

 

 

 

 

Hippocampus

Definition
  • seahorse
  • located internal to the parahippocampal gyrus
  • forms a medial wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
  • memory 
Term

 

 

 

Fornix

Definition
  • prominent white matter structure
  • connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus and septal nuclei
  • collumns of fornix dive down towards hypothalamus
Term

 

 

 

Amygdala

Definition
  • located medially within the temporal lobe
  • internal to the uncus
  • anterior to the hippocampus
  • process emotions 
  • classically fear
Term

 

 

 

Telencephalon

Blood Supply

Definition
  • Anterior cerebral artery/brances: major targets frontal and parietal lobes
  • middle cerebral artery/branches: all lobes and the basal ganglia via the lenticulostriate arteries
  • Posterior cerebral artery/branches: occipital, temporal and parietal lobes
  • basal ganglia is middle and anterior CA and thalamus is primarly posterior CA (genicular arteries)
Term

 

 

 

Ohms Law

Definition
  • V=IxR
  • ionic currents that flow across a membrane depend on the resistance of the membrane and the voltage across it
Term

 

 

 

Ion Equilibrium

Definition
  • use nernst equation
  • Ek= -58 to -80
  • ENa = +45 to +60
  • high concentration of Na outside of cell and high concentration 
  • Use goldman equation for when a membrane is permeable to multiple ions
Term

 

 

 

Subarachnoid Cisterns

Definition
  • enlargements of the subarachnoid space named according to what they border
  • pontine, interpeduncular, chiasmic, superior, cerobellomedulary, and lumbar
Term

 

 

 

 

Lipofuscin

Definition
  • by product from high metabolic activity of neurons
  • yellow-pigment granule can be seen in cell bodies
  • if acculated too much, lipofuscin can damage neurons, causing degeneration
Term

 

 

 

Undershoot of Action potential

Definition
  • membrane hyperpolarizes becauses Na channels were inactivated so only K working
  • causes K to go down to its equilibrium of around -80 instead of the resting potential of -65
Term

 

 

 

 

Tetrodotoxin

Definition
  • blocks Na Current
  • used to analyze pottasium current of action potentials
  • most blocked, pufferfish poison
  • shows rapid inactivation
  • activation of K current is delayed, which allows a little bit of action potential 
Term

 

 

 

Tetraethyl-ammonium

Definition
  • blocks pottasium channels
  • used to analyze the Na current in an action potential
  • shows no inactivation
Term

 

 

 

Potassium and Sodium conductance

Definition
  • both increase as the membrane charge becomes more positive (depolarization)
  • Sodium goes up and down and pottassium goes up then plateaus 
Term

 

 

 

 

Conduction Velocity

Definition
  • two main ways to increase how fast an action potential propagates down an axon
  • increase the diameter of the axon-large diameter axons have a lower resistance to current flow within the cytoplasm of the axon and so conduct faster than smaller diameter ones
  • insulate the axon to prevent current from leaking out-myelinated verss unmelinated nerve fibers (saltatory)
Term

 

 

 

Patch clamp Method

Definition
  • cell-attached recording
  • mild suction (tight contact btw pippette and membrane
  • whole cell recording(strong pulse of suction, cytoplasm is continuous with pipette interior)
  • inside out recording(expose to air, cytoplasmic domain accessible)
  • outside out recording (retract pipette, end of membrane anneal, extracellular domain accessible)
Term

 

 

 

common voltage gated channels

Definition
  • Na channel
  • Ca channel
  • K channel
  • Cl- channel 
Term

 

 

 

Voltage Gated Sodium Channels

Definition
  • start out closed(but not inactivated)
  • then becomes open
  • after some time the gate stays opeb but becomes inactivated 
  • then eventually goes back to closed but not inactivated 
  • potassium is either open or closed (no inactivating gate)
Term

 

 

 

2-P channel

Definition
  • pottasium channel that does not have a voltage sensory
  • leaky channel responsible for setting membrane resting potential
Term

 

 

 

Ligand gated channel examples

Definition
  • neurotransmitter receptors: Na/K exchanger using glatamate to activate
  • Ca2+ activated K channel
  • Cyclic nucleotide gated channel(Na/k exchanger)
Term

 

 

 

2 types of Ligand Gated Channels

Definition
  • ionotrophic: receptor and the ion channel are a single entity 
  • metabotrophic: the receptor and ion channel are two distinct entities (dependent on metabolism)
  • movement of ions not specific but depends on equilibrium potential
  • at 0 mv the equilibrium potential of Na and K directly oppose each other (equal and opposite), no synaptic potential
Term

 

 

 

ACh Receptor

Definition
  • ligand-gated nicotinic receptor(ionotrophic
  • has a extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain
  • 2 alpha subunit, delta, beta and gama subunit
  • both alpha subunits have to bind ACh for channel to open (must have high ACh concentration 
Term

 

 

 

Glutamate Receptor

Definition
  • ionotrophic
  • AMPA receptor(common in brain for neuron transmission)
  • Amino terminal domain(ATD), Ligand binding domain(LBD), transmembrane, carboxyl-terminal domain(CTD)
  • when ligand binds clam closes and pulls open pore
Term

 

 

 

NMDA Receptors

Definition
  • ionotrophic
  • Glycine and glutamate binding sites
  • glutamate requires bind of glycine too
  • GluN2A, GluN1, GluN2A
  • most allow sodium and pottasium to flow through like others
  • Mg blocks the NMDA receptor at rest(hyperpolarized)
  • no Mg blocking it when depolarized
  • Ca and Na flow in and K flows out 
  • ligand because even if depolarized, it will not open without glutamate
Term

 

 

 

Electrical Synapse

Definition
  • gap junction channels
  • each cell has a connexon(hemichannel) that combine to form one channel
  • each hemichannel has six identical subunits(connexin)
  • fast large pores, non selective
  • generally bidirectional
  • synchronization
  • development
  • glial cells (common in these in adults)
  • clinical note: genetic deafness (from these in inner ear)
Term

 

 

 

Presynaptic Terminal

Definition
  • presynaptic cell makes the chemicals(transmitters)
  • presynaptic terminals store, release, and recycle transmitters
  • transmitter vesicles contain highly concentrated transmitters
  • active zones: presynaptic sites of transmitter release
  • voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
Term

 

 

 

Electrical Vs Chemical Transmission

Definition
  • fast vs of a delay(0.5ms)
  • no signal amplification vs amplification
  • bidirectional vs unidirectional
  • not plastic vs plastic(can be regulated, flexible)
Term

 

 

 

Synaptic Vesicle Membrane Proteins

Definition
  • synaptotagmin: Ca2+ binding
  • synaptobrevin: SNARE component
  • Transmitter transporters: transports transmitter molecules from outside into vessicles
  • proton pump: energy for transporters(build up of hydrogen inside vessicle used for energy)
Term

 

 

 

 

SNARE Complex

Definition
  • synaptobrevin(synaptic vessicle
  • SNAP-25 and syntaxin on plasma membrane 
  • brings vessicle towards plasma membrane so that the vessicle can fuse
  • certain neurotoxins, botulinum, can destroy SNARE proteins (paralysis of signal)
  • Tetanus toxin destroys synaptobrevin
Term

 

 

 

Transmitter Receptors

Definition
  • Direct gating(transmitter causes open only)
  • indirect gating( open/close)
Term

 

 

 

Transmission Termination

Definition
  • diffusion(glial cell)
  • enzymatic destruction (major pathway for cholinergic transmission, ACh)
  • re-uptake
Term

 

 

 

Life Cycle of Glutamate

Definition
  • Glutamate is either reuptaken by presynaptic terminal or a glial cell using differentExcitatory amino acid tansporters (EAAT)
  • Glutamine Synthetase then converts glutamate to glutamine in the Glial cell
  • Glutamine transporter out of Glial Cell (SN1) and transported into presynaptic terminal (SAT2)
  • Glutamine can also just use diffusion
  • Glutaminase (made in cell body and transported) converts glutamine to glutamate inside presynaptic terminal
  • VGluT transports glutamate into vessicle
Term

 

 

 

GABA life Cycle

Definition
  • most abundant inhibitory transmittor in brain
  • GABA can be ruptaken by GAT(GABA tansporter) in presynap terminal or glial cells
  • in glial cells GABA transaminase converts GABA to glutamate
  • Glutamate converted to glutamine and diffuses out and then into presyn term
  • glutaminase converts gln to glu
  • Glutamic acid decarboxlase(GAD) creates GABA from Glu
  • VIAAT loads GABA into vessicle
Term

 

 

 

Acetylcholinesterase

AChE

Definition
  • breaks down ACh to acetate and choline
  • choline is reuptaken by Choline transporter
  • choline acetyltansferase(ChAT) then drives reaction to make acetyl choline again
  • happens at Neuromuscular junction
Term

 

 

 

Classic Neurotransmitters

Definition
  • acetylcholine
  • 3 amino acids: glutamate, GABA, and glycine
  • 5 biogenic amines: dopamine, NE, Epinephrine, serotonin, histamine
Term

 

 

 

Non-classical neurotransmitters

Definition
  • neuroactive peptides (made in cell body only)
  • stored in dense-core vesicles
  • released in response to general intracellular Ca increase
  • no reuptake
  • longer actions
Term

 

 

 

Types of Synaptic Connections

Definition
  • axodendritic (often excitatory)
  • Axosomatic (often inhibitory)
  • axoaxonic (often modulatory)
  • dendrodendritic
  • excitatory vessicles generally round and membrane asymetrical(post syn thicker) and inhibitory are oval and membranes are symetrical in thickness
Term

 

 

 

ACh Receptors

Definition
  • ionotropic receptors: nicotinic receptors (curare inhibits)
  • Metabotropic receptors: muscarinic receptors (atropine inhibits)
Term

 

 

 

Nicotinic Receptors

Definition
  • pentamer (5 subunits): 2 alpha, beta, gama, delta
  • 2 ACh molecules bind each receptor
  • more Na enter than K leave the cell (Driving force=RMP-E)
  • can also have 2alpha 3 beta or 5 alpha
  • number of ACh needed is equal to number of alpha subunits
  • not permeable to anions because receptor has three rings of negativly charged Glu and Asp
Term

 

 

 

Glutamate Receptors

(iGluRs)

Definition
  • Ionotrophic either non-NMDARs or NMDAR
  • Non-NMDARs are either AMPAR or Kainate-R
  • all named for things that can activate
  • Metabotropic receptors: 8 different receptors that fall into three different groups
Term

 

 

 

AMPA Receptor

Definition
  • tetramer(4 subunits)
  • 2 glutamate molecules bind each receptor
  • more Na influx then K efflux
  • some are Ca permeable
Term

 

 

 

NMDA Receptor

Definition
  • tetramer(4 subunits)
  • 2 glutamate molecules bind each receptor
  • cofactor: glycine
  • highly Ca permeable
  • more Na and Ca influx than K efflux
  • normally blocked by Mg during hyperpolarization, depolarization removes it
  • synaptic plasticity 
  • can cause excitotoxicity from too much glutamate
  • PCP blocks
Term

 

 

 

 

Phencyclidine

Definition
  • PCP or angel dust
  • blocks NMDAR,
  •  causing euphoria followed by ataxia, sweating, seizures and respiratory depression
Term

 

 

 

GABA Receptors

Definition
  • ionotropic receptors: GABAaR and GABAcR
  • metabotropic receptors: GABAbR
  • gabazine inhibits and muscimol and GABA activate GABAaR
  • phaclofen inhibits and Baclofen and GABA activate GABAbR
Term

 

 

 

GABAaR

Definition
  • [similar to nAChR
  • ionotropic
  • pentamer(5 subunits
  • 2 GABA molecules bind eachr eceptor
  • many drug binding sites
  • Cl influx (most cases in adult brain)
Term

 

 

 

Glycine Receptor

Definition
  • 3 alpha and 2 beta subunit
  • similar to nAChR
  • need three glycine molecules to bind
  • opening allows influx of Cl, causing hyperpolarization
  • only ionotropic receptors, no metabotropic ones
Term

 

 

 

Reticular Formation

Definition
  • located in the tegmentum of entire brainstem
  • many discrete nuclei organized by spec functions, and groups, and columns, and neurotransmitters used
  • functions: autonomic centers(resp, cardio, ect), pain system(antereolateral system inputs and modulation), motor system(reticulospinal tracts and gaze centers), 
Term

 

 

 

Reticular Formation Tracts

Definition
  • central tegmental tr: ascending(taste, visceral) and descending (red nucleus and motor control)
  • dorsal longitudinal fasciculus: connects RF and hypothalamus
  • medial forebrain bundle: connects RF and septum/basal forebrain
Term

 

 

 

Reticular Formation

Small nuclei projections

Definition
  • divergent (project to huge number of structures)
  • diffuse (project all over in those structures)
  • allows effects to be widespread and often non-specific
Term

 

 

 

Dopamine

Definition
  • locus coeruleus(also makes/uses NE)
  • substantia nigra pars compacta
  • ventral tegmental area(on either side of midline)
  • hypothalamus
  • nucleus accumbens (bottom of internal capsule)
  • projections into diencephalon and all over cerebrum
Term

 

 

 

Dopamine

Ventral Tegmental Area

Definition
  • on either side of midline with myelin running through
  • mesocortical: projections to frontal lobe, especially prefrontal cortex(meso-refers to its origin in midbrain)
  • mesolimbic: projections to numerous limbic areas, especially nucleus accumbens(ventral striatum) and septal nuclei
  • clinical issues: dementia(frontal cortex, psychosis (schizophrenia), drug addiction (mesolimbic)
Term

 

 

 

Norepinephrine

Definition
  • locus ceruleus(A6) (in the pons)
  • others are A1-A7
  • find it dorsal to the CN V
  • projections go to forebrain(cortex), cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord
  • functions: sleep, stress response, pain modulation (spinal cord proj, descending), cognition, mood
  • Clinical issues: Depression(tricyclic antideprs, MOA inhibitors, SNR1(for ADHD too), PTSD, irritable bowel syndrome, some depression
Term

 

 

 

Serotonin(5HT)

Definition
  • all 5HT made in raphe nuclei (on midline throughout brainstem)
  • projections: forebrain (cortex), cerebellum, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord
  • functions: sleep, pain modulation, mood, anxiety
  • depression and axiety treated with Selective serotonin reuptake inh (prolong action of serotonin, prozae, paxil, and zoloft)
Term

 

 

 

 

Acetylcholine ACh

Basal forebrain

Definition
  • basal forebrain: septal nu, diagnonal band nu, and nu basalis
  • projections: cortex and amygdala
  • functions: learning and memory, limbic system function
  • clinical issues: dementia, alzheimers disease
Term

 

 

 

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Brainstem group

Definition
  • Peduncular Pontine Tegmental and Lateral dorsal Tegmental
  • projections: thalamus and basal forebrain cholinergic parts
  • functions: sleep, arousal, consciousness
  • clinical issues: coma and sleep disorders
Term

 

 

 

Ascending Reticular Activating System

(ARAS)

Definition
  • brainstem components: locus ceruleus(NE), pedunculopontine tegmental nu(PPT, cholinergic), laterodorsal tegmental nu(LDT, cholinergic)
  • outputs to: thalamus(intralamin nuclei(pain, and other nuclei(LGN, VPM); basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei
  • bilateral damage(rigidity, spasticity, coma)
  • function: increase level of arousal: threatening situations, weken from sleep, external and internal stimuli
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