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Blood, Lymph, and Immunity
Exam 1 Anatomy and Phys II
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/05/2020

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Term
List the functions of whole blood
Definition
Transports oxygen, hormones, CO2, nutrients and metabolic waste. Regulates pH and temperature. Protection and immunity.
Term
What are the components of whole blood and their fractions
Definition
Formed elements (45%), and plasma (55%)
Term
What are the formed elements from least abundant to most abundant
Definition
Lekocytes (WBC), Platelets, and Erythrocytes (RBC)
Term
The largest percentage of plasma is
Definition
99% Water (proteins and solutes dissolved inside)
Term
What are the major proteins found in plasma
Definition
albumin, globulins, transport proteins, fibrinogen, enzymes, complement proteins, and protein hormones
Term
The most important function of albumin in the plasma is
Definition
Maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting protein in plasma
Term
What globulin protein is NOT found in plasma
Definition
Hemoglobin: found in RBC's
Term
Describe the structure of an erythrocyte and its functional properties
Definition
RBC's have a bioconcave disc shape in order to increase the efficiency of gas exchange. They have spectrin which allows them flexibility.
Term
Describe the structure of hemoglobin and its functional properties
Definition
Four polypeptide subunits (2 alpha, 2 beta). Each contains a single molecule of heme. Four oxygens. Contain iron atoms
Term
What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
oxyhemoglobin contains oxygen and is a bright red color (lungs to tissues), deoxyhemoglobin contains no oxygen and is dark red (tissues to lungs)
Term
Where does the process of RBC degradation and recycling occur?
Definition
macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen
Term
List the steps of RBC degradation and recycling in order:
Definition
1. erythrocytes are trapped in the spleen
2. spleen macrophages digests erythrocytes
3. hemoglobin is broken down
4. iron, ions, amino acids recycled
5. bilirubin sent to liver for excretion
Term
Which toxic waste product is produced when heme is metabolized during RBC recycling and how is it secreted?
Definition
Bilirubin is produced when heme is metabolized and excreted from the liver in feces and urine
Term
What pluripotent stem cell gives rise to all blood cells?
Definition
hemocytoblast: they become myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells
Term
What is erythropoiesis
Definition
This is a 7 day process stimulated by the EPO hormone, which is released from the kidneys in response to hypoxia (low oxygen concentration)
Term
What blood cells are derived from lymphoid stem cells?
Definition
lymphoctyes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells)
Term
What blood cells are derived from myeloid stem cells?
Definition
RBCs, WBC's (excluding lymphocytes), and platelets.
Term
At what stage does developing RBC's lose their nucleus and organelles
Definition
At the last erythroblast stage
Term
During erythropoiesis, developing RBC's are released into circulation as:
Definition
reticulocytes (become mature after a day)
Term
What is the most/ least common blood type in the US?
Definition
O positive/ AB negative
Term
What is agglutination?
Definition
Agglutination (blood grouping) is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody
Term
What is hemolytic disease?
Definition
Too many RBC's destroyed. Caused by infections or hemoglobin abnormalities such as sickle-cell anemia, HDN( Rh),
Term
What does the hematocrit represent?
Definition
The volume of red blood cells contained in blood by milliliters. 25% is equal to 25/100 millimeters of rbcs in blood.
Term
What is Rh Disease
Definition
a condition that occurs when a woman with Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. Occurs when an Rh-negative pregnant mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells causing hemorrhaging or miscarriage.
Term
What role do colony-stimulating factor proteins and interleukin (IL) proteins play in blood cell development?
Definition
These are proteins that mediate communication between cells by binding to cell receptors and differentiating.
Term
What are the 5 major classes of leukocytes
Definition
Granuloyctes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes.
Term
What type of leukocytes are considered macrophages?
Definition
Neutrophils and monocytes
Term
What is the basic function of platelets
Definition
Forms temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels. When myeloid stem cells are exposed to the hormone thrombopoietin (TPO), GM-CSF, and IL-17, they differentiate into megakaryocytes, which break down into platelets.
Term
What happens during the platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis?
Definition
1. Platelet activation: damaged college and endothelial cells exposed, protein (vWF) released
2. Platelet adhesion: blood sticks to damaged edges of broken blood vessel.
3. Platelet aggregation: chemicals release (ADP, ions calcium) and platelets stick to each other to plug vessel
Term
What is the 3rd and final stage of hemostasis?
Definition
Coagulation
Term
What role does fibrin play in coagulation?
Definition
Fbrin is a thread like protein that acts as a molecular glue that binds platelets to create a more solid blood clot.
Term
What is the final stage of hemostasis?
Definition
Thronbolysis
Term
Why do males have higher hematocrit levels than females?
Definition
Males are statisically larger in size and possess more testosterone enhancing EPO to create more RBC's
Term
What is lymph ?
Definition
Lymph is whitish slippery fluid derived from interstitial fluid in body tissues and circulates through lymphatic vessels
Term
How is lymph produced?
Definition
When lymphatic capillaries reabsorb excess fluid filtered out of blood plasma during nutrient and oxygen delivery.
Term
What are the basic functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
Regulates interstitial fluid volume, absorbs dietary lipids, returns proteins back to bloodstream, sweeps pathogens out of tissues and lymph, activates lymphocytes for adaptive immunity
Term
What are the major chemical components of lymph?
Definition
water, lipids, antigens, antibodies, lymphocytes, pathogens
Term
How is lymph different form blood plasma
Definition
Lymph doesn't contain rbc's or platelets, contains more pathogens and antigens
Term
What is a primary lymphoid organ?
Definition
Red bone marrow and thymus. These organs produce lymphocytes or aid in the development.
Term
What is a secondary lymphoid organ?
Definition
Spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, MALT, peyer's patches, appendix. They house mature lymphocytes and sites to activate lymphocytes when antigens trigger them for adaptive immunity.
Term
What are the primary cell types found in lymphoid organs?
Definition
Lymphocytes (B and T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.
Term
Where does the flow of lymph begin? Where does it end?
Definition
Begins with lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts,
Term
What is the function of the cysterna chyli?
Definition
it collects lymph from the lumbar and intestinal trunk and empties it into the left lymphatic (thoracic) duct.
Term
Which lymphatic trunks empty into the right lymphatic duct?
Definition
right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal
Term
The left lymphatic duct drains lymph from which region of the body:
Definition
lower limbs, left upper limb, left side of thorax, head and neck
Term
What is a lymphedema and why does it develop in the extremeties?
Definition
Abnormal accumulation of lymph in the interstitial tissue spaces of the limbs due to blocked lymph flow
Term
What are the two primary functions of a lymph node?
Definition
Acts as a lymph filter and immune system activation
Term
What are the primary functions of the spleen?
Definition
The largest organ in the lymphatic system that functions in immune surveillance, acts as a site of lymphocyte activation, for adaptive immune response, cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets, stores platelets, monocytes, and iron. Contains white and red pulp
Term
What are the functions of red pulp vs. white pulp?
Definition
White pulp is the site where immune functions occur, consists of clusters of lymphocytes and appear purple. Found in central arteries. Red pulp makes up makes up most of the spleen and is the site where old blood cells and blood borne pathogens are destroyed
Term
What cells recognize foreign antigens if they have a surface receptor that allows it to recognize the foreign antigen and produces clones in the germinal center?
Definition
B Cells
Term
What is the function of the thymus
Definition
Most active in childhood, the thymus house thymocytes for maturation into immunocompetent T Cells. If the T cells respond to self antigens they are engulfed if they don’t they are sent to the secondary organs to wait for activation until exposure.
Term
What are the three types of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue in the body
Definition
Peyers patches, tonsils, and appendix
Term
What are Peyers patches and their functions?
Definition
Peyers patches are similar to tonsils, they are clusters of lymphoid follicles in the wall of the small intestine that catch breached bacteria and activate lymphocytes
Term
What is the function of an M Cell
Definition
An m cell is a dendritic cell found in the epithelial lining of the ileum (small intestine). They capture antigens in the lumen and present them to peyers patches to activate an adaptive immune response.
Term
What is a dendritic cell?
Definition
antigen-presenting cells, that act as messengers between innate and adaptive immune systems.
Term
What is the function of a tonsil?
Definition
Gathers and removes pathogens in food and in the air, contains follicles with with germinal centers and scattered lymphocytes
Term
What is a lymphoid nodule?
Definition
dense collections of naive (inactive) lymphocytes found in cortex of lymph nodes, white pulp of spleen, crypts of tonsils, and peyers patches
Term
What are the primary leukocytes in innate immunity?
Definition
neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and NK cells
Term
What are examples of a fixed macrophage?
Definition
microglia of CNS, monocytes in red pulp of spleen
Term
What is diapedesis
Definition
leukocytes move out of the blood vessels into the tissue
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Chemicals released by damaged tissue to signal leukocyte response
Term
What are the primary functions of macrophages
Definition
Phagocytosis, Antigen-presentation to T-cells when adaptive immunity is activated, wound healing, Release of tumor necrosis factor to enhance inflammation, Release of interleukin-1 in response to bacterial infection to trigger fever.
Term
Which important function is carried out by a natural killer (NK) cell?
Definition
These survaillence lymphocytes found in blood and spleen recognize abnormally shaped cells and induce apoptosis in the cells they attack so they can later be engulfed by neutrophils and macrophages
Term
What is the primary function of interferon proteins?
Definition
antiviral proteins that interfere normal viral replication in cells to slow the spread of virus
Term
What is a cytokine
Definition
A protein that triggers chemotaxis such as interleukins or interferons
Term
What is the basic function of a complement system?
Definition
Complement proteins are involved in opsonization, they act as opsonins,enhance phagocytosis and lead to production of protein C3b
Term
Which cells are primarily involved in inflammation
Definition
mast cells and basophils
Term
What are inflammation enhancement proteins
Definition
complement protein C3 and tumor necrosis factor from activated macrophages
Term
What important cytokine is considered a pyrogen and plays a role in fever
Definition
Interleukin 1- released from macrophages and acts on hypothalamus to trigger fever
Term
Which leukocytes are involved in adaptive immunity?
Definition
Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
Term
Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs?
Definition
Antigen presenting cells
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