Term
| List the functions of whole blood |
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Definition
| Transports oxygen, hormones, CO2, nutrients and metabolic waste. Regulates pH and temperature. Protection and immunity. |
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Term
| What are the components of whole blood and their fractions |
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Definition
| Formed elements (45%), and plasma (55%) |
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Term
| What are the formed elements from least abundant to most abundant |
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Definition
| Lekocytes (WBC), Platelets, and Erythrocytes (RBC) |
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Term
| The largest percentage of plasma is |
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Definition
| 99% Water (proteins and solutes dissolved inside) |
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Term
| What are the major proteins found in plasma |
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Definition
| albumin, globulins, transport proteins, fibrinogen, enzymes, complement proteins, and protein hormones |
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Term
| The most important function of albumin in the plasma is |
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Definition
| Maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting protein in plasma |
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Term
| What globulin protein is NOT found in plasma |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin: found in RBC's |
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Term
| Describe the structure of an erythrocyte and its functional properties |
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Definition
| RBC's have a bioconcave disc shape in order to increase the efficiency of gas exchange. They have spectrin which allows them flexibility. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of hemoglobin and its functional properties |
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Definition
| Four polypeptide subunits (2 alpha, 2 beta). Each contains a single molecule of heme. Four oxygens. Contain iron atoms |
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Term
| What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin |
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Definition
| oxyhemoglobin contains oxygen and is a bright red color (lungs to tissues), deoxyhemoglobin contains no oxygen and is dark red (tissues to lungs) |
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Term
| Where does the process of RBC degradation and recycling occur? |
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Definition
| macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen |
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Term
| List the steps of RBC degradation and recycling in order: |
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Definition
1. erythrocytes are trapped in the spleen
2. spleen macrophages digests erythrocytes
3. hemoglobin is broken down
4. iron, ions, amino acids recycled
5. bilirubin sent to liver for excretion |
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Term
| Which toxic waste product is produced when heme is metabolized during RBC recycling and how is it secreted? |
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Definition
| Bilirubin is produced when heme is metabolized and excreted from the liver in feces and urine |
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Term
| What pluripotent stem cell gives rise to all blood cells? |
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Definition
| hemocytoblast: they become myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a 7 day process stimulated by the EPO hormone, which is released from the kidneys in response to hypoxia (low oxygen concentration) |
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Term
| What blood cells are derived from lymphoid stem cells? |
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Definition
| lymphoctyes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells) |
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Term
| What blood cells are derived from myeloid stem cells? |
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Definition
| RBCs, WBC's (excluding lymphocytes), and platelets. |
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Term
| At what stage does developing RBC's lose their nucleus and organelles |
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Definition
| At the last erythroblast stage |
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Term
| During erythropoiesis, developing RBC's are released into circulation as: |
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Definition
| reticulocytes (become mature after a day) |
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Term
| What is the most/ least common blood type in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Agglutination (blood grouping) is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody |
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Term
| What is hemolytic disease? |
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Definition
| Too many RBC's destroyed. Caused by infections or hemoglobin abnormalities such as sickle-cell anemia, HDN( Rh), |
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Term
| What does the hematocrit represent? |
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Definition
| The volume of red blood cells contained in blood by milliliters. 25% is equal to 25/100 millimeters of rbcs in blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that occurs when a woman with Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. Occurs when an Rh-negative pregnant mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells causing hemorrhaging or miscarriage. |
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Term
| What role do colony-stimulating factor proteins and interleukin (IL) proteins play in blood cell development? |
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Definition
| These are proteins that mediate communication between cells by binding to cell receptors and differentiating. |
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Term
| What are the 5 major classes of leukocytes |
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Definition
| Granuloyctes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes. |
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Term
| What type of leukocytes are considered macrophages? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils and monocytes |
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Term
| What is the basic function of platelets |
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Definition
| Forms temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels. When myeloid stem cells are exposed to the hormone thrombopoietin (TPO), GM-CSF, and IL-17, they differentiate into megakaryocytes, which break down into platelets. |
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Term
| What happens during the platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis? |
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Definition
1. Platelet activation: damaged college and endothelial cells exposed, protein (vWF) released
2. Platelet adhesion: blood sticks to damaged edges of broken blood vessel.
3. Platelet aggregation: chemicals release (ADP, ions calcium) and platelets stick to each other to plug vessel |
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Term
| What is the 3rd and final stage of hemostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role does fibrin play in coagulation? |
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Definition
| Fbrin is a thread like protein that acts as a molecular glue that binds platelets to create a more solid blood clot. |
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Term
| What is the final stage of hemostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do males have higher hematocrit levels than females? |
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Definition
| Males are statisically larger in size and possess more testosterone enhancing EPO to create more RBC's |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph is whitish slippery fluid derived from interstitial fluid in body tissues and circulates through lymphatic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| When lymphatic capillaries reabsorb excess fluid filtered out of blood plasma during nutrient and oxygen delivery. |
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Term
| What are the basic functions of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
| Regulates interstitial fluid volume, absorbs dietary lipids, returns proteins back to bloodstream, sweeps pathogens out of tissues and lymph, activates lymphocytes for adaptive immunity |
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Term
| What are the major chemical components of lymph? |
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Definition
| water, lipids, antigens, antibodies, lymphocytes, pathogens |
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Term
| How is lymph different form blood plasma |
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Definition
| Lymph doesn't contain rbc's or platelets, contains more pathogens and antigens |
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Term
| What is a primary lymphoid organ? |
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Definition
| Red bone marrow and thymus. These organs produce lymphocytes or aid in the development. |
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Term
| What is a secondary lymphoid organ? |
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Definition
| Spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, MALT, peyer's patches, appendix. They house mature lymphocytes and sites to activate lymphocytes when antigens trigger them for adaptive immunity. |
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Term
| What are the primary cell types found in lymphoid organs? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes (B and T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. |
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Term
| Where does the flow of lymph begin? Where does it end? |
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Definition
| Begins with lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts, |
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Term
| What is the function of the cysterna chyli? |
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Definition
| it collects lymph from the lumbar and intestinal trunk and empties it into the left lymphatic (thoracic) duct. |
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Term
| Which lymphatic trunks empty into the right lymphatic duct? |
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Definition
| right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal |
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Term
| The left lymphatic duct drains lymph from which region of the body: |
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Definition
| lower limbs, left upper limb, left side of thorax, head and neck |
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Term
| What is a lymphedema and why does it develop in the extremeties? |
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Definition
| Abnormal accumulation of lymph in the interstitial tissue spaces of the limbs due to blocked lymph flow |
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Term
| What are the two primary functions of a lymph node? |
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Definition
| Acts as a lymph filter and immune system activation |
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Term
| What are the primary functions of the spleen? |
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Definition
| The largest organ in the lymphatic system that functions in immune surveillance, acts as a site of lymphocyte activation, for adaptive immune response, cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets, stores platelets, monocytes, and iron. Contains white and red pulp |
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Term
| What are the functions of red pulp vs. white pulp? |
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Definition
| White pulp is the site where immune functions occur, consists of clusters of lymphocytes and appear purple. Found in central arteries. Red pulp makes up makes up most of the spleen and is the site where old blood cells and blood borne pathogens are destroyed |
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Term
| What cells recognize foreign antigens if they have a surface receptor that allows it to recognize the foreign antigen and produces clones in the germinal center? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the thymus |
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Definition
| Most active in childhood, the thymus house thymocytes for maturation into immunocompetent T Cells. If the T cells respond to self antigens they are engulfed if they don’t they are sent to the secondary organs to wait for activation until exposure. |
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Term
| What are the three types of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue in the body |
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Definition
| Peyers patches, tonsils, and appendix |
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Term
| What are Peyers patches and their functions? |
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Definition
| Peyers patches are similar to tonsils, they are clusters of lymphoid follicles in the wall of the small intestine that catch breached bacteria and activate lymphocytes |
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Term
| What is the function of an M Cell |
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Definition
| An m cell is a dendritic cell found in the epithelial lining of the ileum (small intestine). They capture antigens in the lumen and present them to peyers patches to activate an adaptive immune response. |
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Term
| What is a dendritic cell? |
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Definition
| antigen-presenting cells, that act as messengers between innate and adaptive immune systems. |
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Term
| What is the function of a tonsil? |
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Definition
| Gathers and removes pathogens in food and in the air, contains follicles with with germinal centers and scattered lymphocytes |
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Term
| What is a lymphoid nodule? |
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Definition
| dense collections of naive (inactive) lymphocytes found in cortex of lymph nodes, white pulp of spleen, crypts of tonsils, and peyers patches |
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Term
| What are the primary leukocytes in innate immunity? |
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Definition
| neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and NK cells |
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Term
| What are examples of a fixed macrophage? |
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Definition
| microglia of CNS, monocytes in red pulp of spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| leukocytes move out of the blood vessels into the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals released by damaged tissue to signal leukocyte response |
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Term
| What are the primary functions of macrophages |
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Definition
| Phagocytosis, Antigen-presentation to T-cells when adaptive immunity is activated, wound healing, Release of tumor necrosis factor to enhance inflammation, Release of interleukin-1 in response to bacterial infection to trigger fever. |
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Term
| Which important function is carried out by a natural killer (NK) cell? |
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Definition
| These survaillence lymphocytes found in blood and spleen recognize abnormally shaped cells and induce apoptosis in the cells they attack so they can later be engulfed by neutrophils and macrophages |
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Term
| What is the primary function of interferon proteins? |
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Definition
| antiviral proteins that interfere normal viral replication in cells to slow the spread of virus |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that triggers chemotaxis such as interleukins or interferons |
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Term
| What is the basic function of a complement system? |
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Definition
| Complement proteins are involved in opsonization, they act as opsonins,enhance phagocytosis and lead to production of protein C3b |
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Term
| Which cells are primarily involved in inflammation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are inflammation enhancement proteins |
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Definition
| complement protein C3 and tumor necrosis factor from activated macrophages |
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Term
| What important cytokine is considered a pyrogen and plays a role in fever |
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Definition
| Interleukin 1- released from macrophages and acts on hypothalamus to trigger fever |
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Term
| Which leukocytes are involved in adaptive immunity? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) |
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Term
| Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs? |
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Definition
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