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Blood (Hematology)
RBC, WBC, Platelets
123
Anatomy
12th Grade
04/30/2012

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Term
Blood has three main functions:
Definition
transport, maintain, and prevent
Term
blood is considered what? Why?
Definition
connective tissue; cells in a fluid matrix
Term
three functions that pertain to the "transport" function of the blood include:
Definition
- transport O2 and Nutrients
- transport hormones
- transport metabolic wastes
Term
three functions that pertain to the "maintain" function of the blood include:
Definition
- maintain body temp
- maintain pH in body tissues
- maintain fluid volume in Circulatory System
Term
two functions that pertain to the "prevention" function of the blood include:
Definition
- prevent blood loss
- prevent infection (WBC)
Term
when transporting the blood, how do the metabolic wastes get circled around?
Definition
from cells to lungs, then to kidneys, then out through urine
Term
name 3 hormones the blood helps transports
Definition
- estrogen
- adrenalin
- insulin
- testosterone
Term
how is the centrifuged blood separated?
Definition
55% plasma
45% RBC
<1% buffy coat
Term
What does the buffy coat of centrifuged blood contain?
Definition
leukocytes and platelets
Term
what are considered the formed elements in the centrifuged blood?
Definition
buffy coat and RBC
Term
the packed red cell volume is known as
Definition
hematocrit
Term
how can a hematocrit be helpful?
Definition
tell whether you're anemic (low RBC count) or polycythemic (high RBC count)
Term
in a hematocrit, blood sinking means what?
Definition
there is enough insulin in your body
Term
normal hematocrit count for male/female
Definition
male: 47% +/- 5%
female: 42% +/- 5%
Term
normal pH
Definition
7.35 - 7.45
Term
normal temp
Definition
38 C / 100.4 F
Term
total mass of body weight
Definition
8%
Term
volume of blood male (liter/gallon/pint)
female? average?
Definition
male: 5-6L, 1.5 gal, 12 pints
female: 4-5L
average: 5.5
Term
plasma is made up of how much water?
Definition
90%
Term
Name 4 proteins in plasma
Definition
- albumin
- globulins
- clotting proteins (fibrinogen, prothrombin)
- enzymes
- hormones
- complement (antibacterial)
Term
protein in plasma that maintains osmotic pressure and has a low molecular weight
Definition
albumin
Term
two groups of globulins
Definition
- alpha/beta
- gamma
Term
what do the alpha and beta globulins do?
Definition
bind to lipid soluble vitamins such as A,D,E,K
Term
two types of nutrients in plasma
Definition
-glucose
-amino acids
-cholesterol
-vitamins
Term
normal amount of glucose in plasma
Definition
70-100mg/100ml
Term
normal amount of cholesterol in plasma
Definition
150-220mg/100ml
Term
scientific term for RBC
Definition
erythrocytes
Term
RBC also known as red blood
Definition
corpuscles
Term
shape of RBC
Definition
biconcave discs
Term
RBC can circulate for how long
Definition
100-120 days
Term
what does the RBC lack?
Definition
nucleus, organelles
Term
ratio of WBC:RBC
Definition
1:700
Term
normal RBC count in males and females
Definition
males: 5.1-5.8 million/mm3 blood
females: 4.3-5.2 million/mm3 blood
Term
normal hemoglobin count in males, females, and infants
Definition
males: 13-18g/100ml
females:12-16g/100ml
infants:14-20g/100ml
Term
why do infants have more hemoglobin?
Definition
more red bone marrow, more being produced
Term
what is oxyhemoglobin, where is it found
Definition
oxygenated bright red hemoglobin, found in arteries
Term
what is reduced hemoglobin also known as and where is it found
Definition
deoxygenated hemoglobin, dark red, no oxygen, found in veins
Term
what is carbamino hemoglobin?
Definition
when CO2 combines with deoxygenated hemoglobin
Term
what is carboxyhemoglobin and how could you get it?
Definition
CO in hemoglobin, smokers, and bus fumes
Term
what is the normal level of carboxyhemoglobin compared to smokers'
Definition
normal: o.5%
smokers: 5-16%
Term
what is RBC production called
Definition
hematopoesis
Term
average length of RBC production
Definition
3-5 days
Term
what is hypoxia
Definition
low RBC with little oxygen available
Term
what do the kidneys do during RBC production?
Definition
release erythropoietin to stimulate the red bone marrow to produce more RBC
Term
symptoms of anemia
Definition
fatigue, pale, short of breath, chilly
Term
three factors that could cause you to be anemic
Definition
- low RBC count
- low hemoglobin
- abnormal hemoglobin (genetics)
Term
how can you get hemolytic anemia?
Definition
bacterial or parasitic infection from transfusion
Term
what is aplastic anemia
Definition
marrow destruction by radiation, chemo, drugs, (cancer related)
Term
what can cause iron deficiency anemia?
Definition
lack of iron in your diet
Term
athlete's anemia
Definition
liquid volume goes up from over exercising, temporary
Term
pernicious anemia
Definition
Vitamin B12 deficiency, low intrinsic factor in stomach, mostly affects elderly
Term
what is Thalassemias, and whom does it affect?
Definition
abnormal hemoglobin in Meditteranean ppl, Greeks, Italians,
Term
what can contribute to sickle cell
Definition
genetics, high altitudes, low oxygen conditions, replacement of one amino acid
Term
what hemoglobin does sick cell affect?
Definition
Hemoglobin S
(Hemoglobin F in infants does not sickle)
Term
increase in RBC known as
Definition
polycythemia
Term
polycythemia can result from... (3)
Definition
blood doping
bone marrow cancer
increase in erythropoeitin
chronic lung disease, smokers
high altitudes
Term
what is blood doping
Definition
when athletes remove blood and reinject it before the event so there's more RBC in their system
Term
who discovered the ABO system
Definition
Karl Landsteiner
Term
when will a transfusion reaction take place
Definition
when the blood is not compatible
Term
when will hemolysis occur
Definition
when the recipient's antibodies cause agglutination and intravascular clotting and kidney damage
Term
who came up with the discovery of the D antigen for Rh
Definition
Landsteiner and Wiener
Term
If the D antigen is present, the person is + or -
Definition
D antigen present = positve
Term
Name 3 common antibodies
Definition
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
IgA
Term
universal recipient
Definition
AB+
Term
universal donor
Definition
O-
Term
T/F: There are no naturally occuring antibodies in the Rh system and the ABO
Definition
False;
no naturally occurring antibodies in the Rh system, but there are naturally occurring antibodies found in the plasma to foreign antigens
Term
what is erythroblastosis fetalis
Definition
when a pregnant mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+, the baby's placenta will burst after delivery and some of the baby's blood will seep back into the mothers. This means that the Rh+ antigens pass into her bloodstream causing her to produce anti-Rh antibodies. If her next baby is Rh +, it could result in a stillbirth. RhoGAM has anti-Rh agglutinins, which stop the mother's immune system from attacking the baby's. This is injected about 7-8 months.
Term
how do leukocytes move? what kind of movement
Definition
ameboid movement
Term
where do they develop from?
Definition
stem cells in bone marrow
Term
what is it called when the leukocytes slip out of capillaries
Definition
diapedesis
Term
normal leukocyte count
Definition
4,000-11,000 cells/mm3 blood
Term
more than 11,000 leukocytes results in...
Definition
leukocytosis (indicated infection)
Term
most abundant leukocyte with percentage
Definition
neutrophils 40-70%
Term
T/F: all granulocytes are phagocytes
Definition
true
Term
three granulocytes
Definition
neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
Term
killing machines of the granulocytes
Definition
neutrophils
Term
neutrophil increase may indicate
Definition
infection, *inflammation*
Term
what percentage of WBC are eosinophils
Definition
1-4%
Term
what are the two main jobs of eosinophils
Definition
- attack parasitic worms
- reduce allergic reactions
Term
least common leukocyte (percentage?)
Definition
basophil
0-1%
Term
these leukocytes will release histamine (vasodilator) to attract WBC
Definition
basophils
Term
WBC similar to mast cells
Definition
basophils
Term
what are basophils involved in clinically
Definition
allergic and inflammatory reactions
Term
two types of agranulocytes
Definition
lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
what are the main differences btwn granulocytes and agranulocytes
Definition
- spherical/kidney shaped nucleus vs. lobed
- lack of granules
Term
percentage of lymphocytes in WBC
Definition
20-40%
Term
T and B types of these leukocytes
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
T lymphocytes do what
Definition
fight virus infected cells and tumor cells
Term
B lymphocytes do what
Definition
transform into plasma cells
Term
these WBC increase in Mono and viral infections
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
monocytes are what percent of WBC
Definition
4-8%
Term
how big are monocytes
Definition
18 microns, about 2x the size of RBC
Term
these WBC will transform themselves into macrophages in tissue
Definition
monocytes
Term
someone with TB would have a lot of these WBC
Definition
monocytes
Term
what is acute leukemia
Definition
blast cells are fast acting in children
Term
what is chronic leukemia
Definition
late stages of cells, slow acting, effects elderly
Term
what are 3 symptoms of leukemia
Definition
-reduced immunity
-reduced RBC count (anemia)
-reduced platelets, bleeding problems
-fever
-weight loss
-bone pain
-death by infection or internal hemorrhage
Term
what look do monocytes have?
Definition
bubbly
Term
Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) affectes what virus or bacteria?
Definition
Epstein-Barr virus
Term
symptoms of Mono include (3)
Definition
-tired
-achy
-chronic sore throat
-low fever
-enlarged spleen
Term
decrease in WBC is called
Definition
leukopenia
Term
decrease in WBC can be caused by factors such as (3)
Definition
- viral infections
- rheumatoid arthritis
- cirrhosis of liver
- exposure to radiation
- drug therapies (cancer treatment)
Term
scientific word for platelets
Definition
thrombocytes
Term
thrombocytes are fragments of what?
Definition
megakaryocytes
Term
normal platelet count
Definition
150,000-400,000/mm3 blood
Term
life span of platelet
Definition
less than 10 days in circulation
Term
what do platelets contain?
Definition
calcium ions
blood clotting factors
serotonin
ADP
Term
"to stop bleeding" is called
Definition
hemostasis
Term
what is coagulation
Definition
blood clotting with the help from Factor 8
Term
what enzyme is used to separate fibrinogen into lose fibrin for platelets
Definition
thrombin
Term
loose fibrins become insoluble, dense fibrin witht eh help of what?
Definition
factor 13
Term
what is the job of aspirin
Definition
inhibits platelet aggregation
Term
what's an example of a natural anticoagulant
Definition
tea, red wine, grape juice
Term
define thrombus
Definition
clot in unbroken blood vessel, clot stays where it is
Term
why is coronary thrombosis bad
Definition
clot that can cause heart attack
Term
define embolus
Definition
blood clot that floats away into the bloodstream
Term
what is bad about a pulmonary embolus?
Definition
can deprive the body of oxygen
Term
what is bad about a cerebral embolus?
Definition
can lead to your brain, causing a stroke
Term
what is thrombocytopenia
Definition
under 50,000 platelet count
Term
define petechiae (pa-tee-key-A)
Definition
small purplish blotches on skin
Term
impaired liver function can do what
Definition
causes severe bleeding due to lack of clotting proteins
Term
sex-linked condition, usually lack of blood clotting Factor 8
Definition
hemophilia
Term
what is DVT
Definition
deep venous thrombosis, clots that form in legs from not having blood circulated
ex. not moving around and sitting still for a long airplane ride (10 hrs)
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