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Blood, Heart, Cardiovascular Regulation
Test 1
140
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/28/2010

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Cards

Term
When is ANP released and what releases it?
Definition
ANP is released when blood pressure significantly increases and is released by the cardiac muscle cells.
Term
What does the Antidiuretic Hormone do?
Definition
Maintains blood volume and causes vasoconstriction.
Term
What is another pair of genes that is linked to blood type but independent?
Definition
The Rh Factor.
Term
What does blood transport?
Definition

1. O2 CO2

2. Cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, amino acids

3. Drugs, hormones, toxins

4. Cellular waste to the kidneys

5. White blood cells and platelets

6. Electrolytes such as K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca+ 

Term
What type of triglyceride means bad cholesterol?
Definition
VLDL
Term
Which type of triglyceride contains good cholesterol?
Definition
HDL
Term
Which type of blood cell has no nucleus?
Definition
Red blood cell (Erythrocyte) 
Term
What 3 things make up plasma and what are their percentages?
Definition

1. 92% water

2. 7% protein

3. 1% other stuff

Term
What is the term to describe the closing of both cuspid (AV) valves?
Definition
Lub
Term
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
Definition

1. Right atrium

2. Left atrium

3. Right ventricle

4. Left ventricle

Term
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
Definition

1. Pulmonary Semilunar valve

2. Aortic Semilunar valve

3. Bicuspid (Mitral) valve

4. Tricuspid (AV) valve

Term
What do Baroreceptors monitor?
Definition
Blood pressure changes.
Term
Which valves are closing in a Lub?
Definition
Both cuspid (AV) valves.
Term
What are the 6 factors that can affect blood pressure?
Definition

1. Amount of O2 and CO2 in the blood

2. Blood volume (water content, cell content)

3. Heart rate 

4. Stroke volume

5. Peripheral resistance (friction with vessel walls increased by plaque)

6. Viscosity thickness (increased by blood cell and protein content) 

Term
Which protein in blood helps transport steroid hormones and fatty acids?
Definition
Albumins
Term
How many genes control blood type?
Definition
3
Term
What is the term to describe the closing of both semilunar valves?
Definition
Dup
Term
How is Angiotensin II released in the blood?
Definition

1. Blood pressure drops

2. Kidneys release renin which causes Angiotensin

in the blood

3. Angiotensin converts to Angiotensin I

4. Angiotensin I converts to Angiotensin II

Term
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
Definition
AB
Term
What is the major function of blood?
Definition
Transportation
Term
What are Chemoreceptors most sensitive to?
Definition
CO2
Term
What are the dietary requirements for red blood cells?
Definition
Iron for hemoglobin, vitamin C, and vitamin B12.
Term
Which of the 3 genes of blood type are dominant?
Definition
A and B
Term
What are the 4 vessels of the heart?
Definition

1. Pulmonary vein

2. Pulmonary artery

3. Aorta

4. Superior/Inferior Vena Cava

Term
Which type of protein in the blood forms antibodies and helps transport iron and lipids?
Definition
Globulin
Term
When does a blood clot occur?
Definition
When exposed to any foreign substance.
Term
What is another name for white blood cells?
Definition
Leukocytes
Term
How fast are red blood cells made in the red bone marrow?
Definition
2-5 million/secon
Term
Which protein type in the blood aids in the clotting process?
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
What white blood cell has a granular cytoplasm?
Definition
Granulocytes
Term
What membrane of the heart lines chambers?
Definition
Endocardium
Term
What does the medulla release in hormonal control and how is it released?
Definition
Medulla releases Norepinephrine and Epinephrine; released by the hypothalamus.  
Term
Describe the blood circulation of the heart.
Definition
Deoxygenated blood from the Vena Cava enters the right Atrium and passes through the Tricuspid (AV) valve to the right Ventricle out through the Pulmonary Semilunar valve into the Pulmonary artery to the lungs back through the Pulmonary vein into the left Atrium then passes through the Bicuspid (Mitral) valve to the left Ventricle out through the Aortic Semilunar valve to the Aorta to all body tissues.
Term
What does Globulin form and what does it transport?
Definition
Globulin forms antibodies and transports iron and lipids.
Term
What part of plasma plays an important role in Osmotic Balance and cellular transport?
Definition
Electrolytes
Term
What Agranulocyte is phagocytic to pathogens and cellular debris?
Definition
Monocytes
Term
What are the 3 gases found in plasma?
Definition
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide.
Term
What is the pathway of an Extrinsic blood clot?
Definition

1. Blood contacts a damaged blood vessel

2. Damaged tissue released Tissue Factor

3. Ca+ releases and activates the X factor

4. Thrombin is formed

5. Fibrin is formed which produces the Fibrin Mat (clot)

 

Term
What is the function of Aldosterone?
Definition
To reabsorb water.
Term
Where are red blood cells produced?
Definition
In the red bone marrow.
Term
What do Chylomicrons transport to body tissues in the plasma?
Definition
Triglycerides
Term
What is the process that leads to a blood clot?
Definition
Hemostatis
Term
What 2 things do Electrolytes play important roles in?
Definition
Osmotic Balance and Cellular transport
Term
Which white blood cell has a relatively clear cytoplasm?
Definition
Agranulocytes
Term
Which membrane of the heart lines the cardiac cavity?
Definition
Parietal Pericardium
Term
Which membrane of the heart lines the surface of the heart?
Definition
Viscera Pericardium
Term
What 2 things does blood regulate?
Definition
Body temperature and pH levels
Term
Which Granulocyte is most abundant?
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Where is Neural control located?
Definition
Centered in the medulla.
Term
Which of the 3 genes of blood type are recessive?
Definition
O
Term
Which Granulocyte is first on the scene of an infection and phagocytic to bacteria, fungi, and some viruses?
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Which blood type is the universal donor?
Definition
O
Term
Which Granulocyte subdues allergic reactions and attaches to parasitic worms?
Definition
Eosinophil
Term
What are the 3 genes that blood types are controlled by?
Definition
A, B, and O.
Term
How much water and protein is in red blood cells (Erythrocytes)?
Definition
66% water and 33% protein(almost all of which is hemoglobin)-mostly iron.
Term
What is the order of white blood cells types from most abundant to least abundant?
Definition

1. Neutrophil

2. Lymphocytes

3. Monocytes

4. Eosinophil

5. Basophil

Term
What does Basophil release in allergic reactions?
Definition
Histamine, Heparin, and Serotonin.
Term
What is a murmur?
Definition
A malfunction of one or more valves.
Term
Which Agranulocyte is 2nd most abundant?
Definition
Lymphocytes
Term
What is a foreign protein that's on the surface of red blood cells?
Definition
Antigen
Term
Which Agranulocyte activates the immune sstem by forming T and B cells?
Definition
Lymphocytes
Term
Which blood vessel services body tissues and deals with gases and nutrient exchange?
Definition
Capillaries
Term
What does an EKG or ECG record and how is it measured?
Definition
An EKG records the electrical activity in the heart and is measured in Millivolts.
Term
What does the Visceral Pericardium line in the heart?
Definition
The surface of the heart.
Term
What does Albumins help transport?
Definition
Steroid hormones and fatty acids.
Term
What happens in the P wave of an EKG?
Definition
Atria depolarizes
Term
Without stimulation from the SA node, how fast will the AV node beat per minute?
Definition
40-50 BPM
Term
What is protein that is produced by the immune system to attack an antigen?
Definition
Antibody
Term
What are the 3 nutrients found in plasma?
Definition

1. Glucose

2. Fatty acids

3. Amino acids

Term
What 2 things make up plasma?
Definition
92% water and 7% protein
Term
What happens in the process of hemostasis?
Definition

1. Damage to blood vessel (bleeding)

2. Vascular spasm (smooth muscle contracting a blood vessel)

3. Platelets adhere to damaged tissue and change shape to interconnect with each other

4. Platelet plug forms and stops blood flow, but is very weak

Term
What do local factors sense in the blood?
Definition
Physical and chemical changes.
Term
Which Agranulocyte is the largest?
Definition
Monocytes
Term
What antigen does the blood times A, AA, or AO have?
Definition
Antigen A
Term
What type of antigen does blood type B, BB, or BO have?
Definition
Antigen B
Term
Which valves are closing in a Dup?
Definition
Both Semilunar valves
Term
Which Agranulocyte transforms into macrophages?
Definition
Monocytes
Term
What is in plasma?
Definition

1. Proteins

2. Electrolytes

3. Nutrients

4. Triglycerides

5. Gases

6. Enzymes, hormones, cellular wastes

7. Chylomicrons 

 

Term
What does the vasomotor center of neural control control?
Definition
The diameter of arteries
Term
Which function of the cardiac center involved the vagus nerve releasing Acytlcholine which slows the heart rate?
Definition
Inhibitory
Term
What is EPO often related to?
Definition
Blood loss
Term
Which function of the cardiac center stimulates the SA notes to increase heart rate?
Definition
Acceleratory
Term
What does ANP do in hormonal control?
Definition
Reduces blood pressure
Term
How many blood vessels are in the heart and what are they called?
Definition

Five

1. Artery 4. Veins

2. Arteriol 5. Venuole

3. Capillaries

 

Term
Which blood vessel is in the lungs and provides gas exchange with air?
Definition
Alveoli
Term
How is cardiac output calculated?
Definition

Stroke volume (mls per contraction)

X's

Heart rate (BPM)

Term
What is a method to determine a ratio of cells to plasma in the blood?
Definition
Hematocrit
Term
What are the 2 types of white blood cells?
Definition

1. Granulocyte

2. Agranulocyte

Term
What 2 things does Neural control deal with?
Definition

1. Cardiac center

2. Vasomotor center

Term
What 3 things make up Granulocytes and what are their percentages?
Definition

1. Neutrophil - 40%-70%

2. Eosinophil - 2%-4%

3. Basophil - <1%

Term
How small are red blood cells?
Definition
Very small (260 million/drop)
Term
What 2 things make up Agranulocytes and what are their percentages?
Definition

1. Lymphocyte - 25%-30%

2. Monocyte - 2%-8%

Term
What is another name for red blood cells?
Definition
Erythrocytes
Term
Where are the local factors located?
Definition
Carotid artery and aortic arch
Term
What do Nodal cells do in the conduction system of a heart beat?
Definition
Set the rate of beats
Term
What is the life span of a red blood cell?
Definition
90-120 days
Term
What breaks down and recycles the red blood cells?
Definition
Spleen and liver. (Mostly spleen)
Term
What 2 main functions run the cardiac center of Neural control?
Definition

1. Acceleratory

2. Inhibitory

Term
What is Visceral Pericardium also called?
Definition
Epicardium
Term
Which Granulocyte releases histamine, heparin, and serotonin in allergic reactions?
Definition
Basophils
Term
What is the sequence of events of a heart beat?
Definition

1. SA nodes set the initial heart rate at 60-70 BPM

2. SA nodes stimulates atria to contract

3. Stimulus also goes to AV node

4. AV nodes sends impulses through perkinje fibers that stimulate the ventricles to contract

Term
What type of antigen does blood type AB have?
Definition
Both A and B
Term
What is the correct term to describe the SA node setting the heart rate slower than normal?
Definition
Bradycardia
Term
Which Rh Factor is recessive and less common?
Definition
- (negative)
Term
What shape are red blood cells?
Definition
Disc shapes with a depression in the middle.
Term
What is the myocardium of the heart?
Definition
The heart muscle.
Term
What is the correct term to describe the SA node setting the heart rate faster than normal?
Definition
Tachycardia
Term
Why does the heart make its "beating" sound?
Definition
The valves closing quickly.
Term
What type of antigen does blood type O have?
Definition
No antigen
Term
When do problems occur with Rh factor?
Definition
When an Rh (-) woman has a baby with an Rh (+) man.
Term
How many blood genes can each parent donate?
Definition
One of two blood genes.
Term
What is the name of the heart muscle?
Definition
Myocardium
Term
What are the 3 types of protein in blood?
Definition

1. Albumins

2. Globumins

3. Fibrinogens

Term
What does endocardium line in the heart?
Definition
Chambers
Term
Which Rh Factor is dominant and most common?
Definition
+ (positive)
Term
What happens in the Q R S wave in an EKG?
Definition
The Atria repolarizes and the Ventricles depolarize
Term
What 2 things compose blood and what are their percentages?
Definition

55% Plasma

45% Cells and fragments

Term
What is cardiac output?
Definition
Blood volume/unit time
Term
What 2 things make up cells and fragments of blood and what are their percentages?
Definition

99.9% red blood cells

0.1% white blood cells and platelets

Term
What do chemoreceptors monitor?
Definition
pH, O2 and CO2 changes
Term
What happens in the T wave in an EKG?
Definition
Ventricles repolarize
Term
What is the pathway for an Intrinsic blood clot?
Definition

1. Blood contacts foreign substance

2. Platelets release Factor XII

3. Ca+ releases and activates X factor

4. Thrombin is formed

5. Fibrin is formed which produces the Fibrin Mat (clot)

Term
What does EPO stimulate?
Definition
Red cell production in the bone marrow
Term
Why is EPO released in hormonal control?
Definition
Because of long term oxygen shortage or long term drop in blood pressure.
Term
Which functions of hormonal control elevates blood pressure?
Definition
Angiotensin II
Term
What is increased by the medulla?
Definition
Cardiac output
Term
Which function of the Vasomotor center has a smaller diameter and higher pressure?
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Term
How does the heart beat?
Definition
Contractile muscle cells produce contraction.
Term
Which blood vessel is a thick layer of smooth muscle tissue and has a smaller inner diameter?
Definition
Artery
Term
Which blood vessel has a thinner layer of smooth muscle but a larger inner diameter and low pressure?
Definition
Vein
Term
What does the Parietal Pericardium line in the heart?
Definition
The cardiac cavity.
Term
What are the 6 functions of hormonal control?
Definition

1. Medulla

2. Angiotensin II

3. EPO

4. ANP

5. Antidiuretic hormone

6. Aldosterone

Term
Which function of the vasomotor center has a larger diameter and a lower pressure?
Definition
Vasodialation
Term
What do conducting cells do in the conduction system of a heart beat?
Definition
Distribute stimulus
Term
Which cells set the rate of beat in the conduction system of a heart beat?
Definition
Nodal cells
Term
Which cells distribute stimulus in the conduction system of a heart beat?
Definition
Conducting cells
Term
What are the 4 effects of Angiotensin II
Definition

1. Stimulates the release of Antidiuretic hormone

2. Stimulates the release of Aldosterone

3. Stimulates the release of Cardiac output

4 Stimulates the release of Vasconstriction 

Term
What sense do the local factors consist of?
Definition
Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors
Term
What 2 main functions run the Vasomotor center of Neural control
Definition

1. Vasodialation

2. Vasoconstriction

Term
What happens after ANP is released?
Definition

1. Kidneys increase secretion of water and ions

2. Blood volume decreases

3. Which in turn lowers blood pressure

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