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Blood, Circulatory and Lymphatic System
Chapters 11-13
359
Anatomy
Not Applicable
07/29/2013

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Term
two of the body's most important functions
Definition
protection, transportation
Term
systems that provide protection and transportation
Definition
circulatory, lymphatic
Term
primary transportation fluid
Definition
blood
Term
not only performs vital pickup and delivery services, but also provides much of the protection necessary to withstand foreign "invaders"
Definition
blood
Term
a fluid tissue that has many kinds of chemicals dissolved in it and millions upon millions of cells floating in it
Definition
blood
Term
liquid portion of blood
Definition
plasma
Term
system that supplies transportation for cells of the body
Definition
circulatory
Term
system that plays a critical role in the functioning of the immune system, moves fluids and large molecules from the tissue spaces and fat-related nutrients from the digestive system to the blood
Definition
lymphatic
Term
________ ___________ of blood are many different types of cells and cell fragments taht are suspended in the plasma
Definition
formed elements
Term
the formed elements include:
Definition
RBC's, WBC's, and platelets
Term
the function of the _______ is to carry substances from on part of the body to another
Definition
blood
Term
many transported materials are dissolved in __________, so the composition of it varies based on what is going on in the body
Definition
plasma
Term
plays an important role in a number of systems, such as respiratory, digestive, urinary, and immune systems
Definition
blood
Term
prefix "pro-" and suffix "-ogen" indicate a(n) (ACTIVE/INACTIVE) substance
Definition
inactive
Term
___________ is the blood minus its formed elements and consists of water and many substances dissolved in it
Definition
plasma
Term
all of the chemicals needed by cells to stay alive are brought to them by the _____
Definition
blood
Term
most of the oxygen in the blood is carried in RBC's as
Definition
oxyhemoglobin
Term
the most abundant type of solute in the plasma is a group of ______ _________
Definition
plasma proteins
Term
any of several proteins normally found in the plasma; includes albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens
Definition
plasma proteins
Term
help thicken and maintain the blood volume
Definition
albumins
Term
include the antibodies that help protect us from infections
Definition
globulins
Term
neccessary for blood clotting
Definition
fibrinogen
Term
plasma minus its clotting factors; still contains antibodies
Definition
serum
Term
obtained from whole blood by allowing it to clot in the bottom of a tube and then pouring off the liquid substance.
Definition
serum
Term
a big person has (MORE/LESS) blood than a small person
Definition
more
Term
a man has (MORE/LESS) blood than a woman
Definition
more
Term
most adults probably have between ___-___ liters of blood
Definition
4-6
Term
blood normally accounts for about ___-___ % of total body weight
Definition
7-9
Term
the volume of the _______ part of blood is usally a little more than half the volume of whole blood
Definition
plasma
Term
normal plasma volume
Definition
2.6L
Term
normal blood cells
Definition
2.4L
Term
normal total blood
Definition
5 L
Term
three main types of formed elements:
Definition
RBC's, WBC's, and Platelets
Term
Red Blood Cell
Definition
erythrocyte
Term
White Blood Cell
Definition
Leukocyte
Term
platelet
Definition
thrombocyte; plays role in blood clotting
Term
______ leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm
Definition
granular
Term
_________ leukocytes do not have granules in their cytoplasm
Definition
nongranular
Term
3 kinds of granular leukocytes
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Term
2 kinds of nongranular leukocytes
Definition
lymphocytes, monocytes
Term
RBC'S in one drop of blood
Definition
5 million
Term
WBC's in one drop of blood
Definition
7500
Term
platelets in one drop of blood
Definition
300 thousand
Term
two kinds of connective tissue that make blood cells for the body
Definition
myeloid tissue, lypmhatic tissue
Term
better known as red bone marrow
Definition
myeloid tissue
Term
forms rbc's
Definition
myeloid tissue (Red bone marrow)
Term
3 places red bone marrow is chiefly found in the adult
Definition
sternum, ribs, hipbones
Term
forms all types of blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes
Definition
red bone marrow
Term
located chiefly on the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
Definition
lymphatic tissue
Term
forms some lymphocytes and monocytes that red bone marrow cannot form
Definition
lymphatic tissue
Term
circulate for up to 4 months before they break apart and their components are removed from the bloodstream by the spleen and liver
Definition
erythrocytes (rbc's)
Term
________ leukocytes often have a lifespan of only a few days
Definition
granular
Term
__________ leukocytes may live for more than 6 months
Definition
nongranular
Term
mature __________ have no nucleus
Definition
RBC's
Term
describe the shape of the rbc
Definition
"caved in" on both sides so that each one has a thin center and thicker edges
Term
rbc total surface area is (ENORMUS/TINY)
Definition
ENORMUS
Term
functions of RBC's
Definition
1. transport carbondioxide out of cells and into lungs for disposal
2. transport oxygen from the lungs to other cells in the body
Term
harmful waste produced by the energy-producing processes of all living cells; must be carried away from cells and to the lungs for disposal into the external environment
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
red pigment; iron containing protein in red blood cells
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
oxygen and hemoglobin unite to form
Definition
oxyhemoglobin
Term
_________ makes possible the efficient transport of large quantities of oxygen to body cells
Definition
oxyhemoglobin
Term
the compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin
Definition
carbaminohemoglobin
Term
deficient number of red blood cells or deficient hemoglobin; caused by an inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells
Definition
anemia
Term
can occur if the hemoglobin in RBC's is inadequate, even if adequate numbers of RBCs are present
Definition
anemia
Term
results from a decrease in number of RBCs caused by hemorrhage; characterized by low oxygen carrying capacity of blood; decreased RBC lifespan and/or increased rate of RBC destruction; ie bleeding ulcers
Definition
hemorrhagic anemia
Term
blood disorder characterized by a low RBC count; caused by destruction of myeloid tissue in the bone marrow; ofeten related to exposure to certain toxic chemicals, high-dose irradiation, certain drugs, and chemotherapy agents
Definition
aplastic anemia
Term
deficiency of RBCs resulting from a lack of vitamin B12' results from a failure of the stomach lining to produce intrinsic factor
Definition
pernicious anemia
Term
the substance that allows vitamin b12 to be absorbed from foods we eat
Definition
intrinsic factor
Term
severe, possibly fatal hereditary disease caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin
Definition
sickle cell anemia
Term
when only one defective gene is inherited and only a small amount of hemoglobin that is less soluble than usual is produced; forms solid crystals when the blood oxygen is low, causing distortion of the RBC
Definition
sickle cell trait
Term
if ____ defective genes are inherited more of the defective hemoglobin is produced and the distorition of RBCs becomes severe
Definition
2
Term
condition in which there are inadequate levels of iron in the diet so that less hemoglobin is produced; results in extreme fatigue
Definition
iron deficiency anemia
Term
less hemoglobin, less oxygen transported to cells =
Definition
slower breakdown and use of nutrients by cells, less energy produced by cells, decreased cellular functions
Term
an excessive number of RBCs; blood is too thick to flow properly
Definition
polycythemia
Term
volume percent of blood cells in whole blood;
Definition
hematocrit Hct
Term
normally, about ____% of the blood volume consists of RBCs
Definition
45
Term
_____ values tend to be higher in man than women and decrease with age
Definition
hematocrit
Term
thin layer of WBCs and platelets located between the RBCs and plasma in a centrifuged sample of blood
Definition
buffy coat
Term
for a patient with anemia, the percentage of RBCs (DECREASES/INCREASES)
Definition
DECREASES
Term
for a patient with polycythemia, the percentage of RBCs (DECREASES/INCREASES)
Definition
increases
Term
excessive loss of body water; the most common fluid imbalance; an abnormally low volume of one or more body fluids
Definition
dehydration
Term
in ____________ blood volume is decreased and RBCs mae up a greater proportion of the total, although their actual numbers have not increased.
Definition
dehydration
Term
leukocytes are categorized by the presence of ______
Definition
granules
Term
white blood cell that stains readily with neutral dyes
Definition
neutrophil
Term
white blood cell that is readily stained by eosin
Definition
eosinophil
Term
wbc that stains readily with basic dyes
Definition
basophil
Term
type of WBC; B cells and T cells
Definition
lymphocyte
Term
phagocyte
Definition
monocyte
Term
defend the body from cancer cells that form inside our tissues and from microorganisms that have succeeded in invading our body
Definition
WBC Function
Term
total number of WBCs per cubic mL of blood
Definition
total WBC count
Term
total wbc count ranges between ____ and______
Definition
5000-9000
Term
proportion of each type of WBC reported as a percentage of the total WBC count; reveals more information than simply counting the total number of all the different types of WBCs in a blood sample
Definition
differential WBC count
Term
abnormally low WBC numbers in the blood
Definition
leukopenia
Term
disease in which the HIV virus attacks the T cells, there by compromising the boy's immune system
Definition
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Term
refers to an abnormally high WBC count; more common
Definition
leukocytosis
Term
most numerous of the active WBCs; protect the bdy from invading microorganisms by actually taking them into their own cell bodies and digesting them
Definition
neutrophils
Term
WBC that engulfs microbes and digests them
Definition
phagocyte
Term
serve as weak phagocytes; involves protection agains infection caused by certain parasites; involved in allergic reactions
Definition
eosinophils
Term
secrete the chemical histamine in peripheral blood; produce heparin
Definition
basophils
Term
released during inflammatory reactions
Definition
histamine
Term
helps prevent blood from clotting as it flows through the blood vessels of the body; obtained from the liver
Definition
heparin
Term
largest leukocytes; aggressive phagocytes; capable of engulfing larger bacterial organisms and cancerous cells
Definition
monocytes
Term
"large eater"; are specialized monocytes that have grown several times their original size after migrating out of the blood stream
Definition
macrophages
Term
Help protect us against infections, type of whit blood cell : b cell and t cell
Definition
Lymphocyte
Term
The complex process that makes us immune to infectious diseases
Definition
Immune mechanism
Term
Do not secrete antibodies but instead protect us by directly attacking bacteria or cancerous cells ; critical to the function of the immune system ;produce cell mediated immunity
Definition
T lymphocytes
Term
Secrete chemical compounds called antibodies that specifically act to destroy particular bacteria viruses or chemicals ; develop into plasma cells;
Definition
B cell (lymphocyte)
Term
Two kinds of lymphocytes
Definition
B cells and t cells
Term
Blood cancer characterized by an increase in WBCs ; can be acute or chronic, or lymphocytic or myeloid
Definition
Leukemia
Term
_______ and _______ leukemia are based on how quickly symptoms appear after the disease occurs
Definition
Chronic and acute
Term
_______ and ______ leukemia depend on on the cell type involved
Definition
Lymphocytic ans myeloid
Term
Play an essential role in blood clogging
Definition
Platelets
Term
Plugs up a torn or cut vessel and stops bleeding that otherwise might prove fatal
Definition
Clot
Term
How a ______ _______ forms :
Injury to blood vessel, prothrombin activatior forms, platelets become sticky, form a platelet plug, prothrombin converts to thrombin, thrombin reacts with fibrinogen which forms fibrin which seals the damaged vessel
Definition
Blood clot
Term
A protein formed by clogging factors from damaged tissue cells and platelets; it converts prothrombin into thrombin, a step essential in forming blood clots
Definition
Prothrombin activator
Term
Soft temporary accumulation near the opening of a broken blood vessel
Definition
Platelet plug
Term
Proteins present in normal blood that is required for blood clotting.
Definition
Prothrombin and thrombin
Term
Soluble blood protein that is converted into insoluble fibrin during clogging. (Normal plasma protein)
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
Fibrous gel, insoluble protein in clotted blood
Definition
Fibrin
Term
Looks like a tangle of fine threads with RBCs caught in the tangle; the bloodclot that forms a more long term seal of the damaged blood vessel
Definition
Fibrin
Term
Acts by inhibiting the synthesis of prothrombin and other vitamin k dependent factors
Definition
Coumadin
Term
Used to prevent excessive blood clotting. Inhibited conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, thus preventing formation of a thrombus
Definition
Heparin
Term
Often used to regulate dosage of anticoagulant drugs. I. This test, thrombroplastin and calcium are added simultaneously to a tube of the patients plasma and a tube containing a normal control solution to determine time required fir clot formation
Definition
Prothrombin time
Term
The most used low dose anticiagulant
Definition
Aspirin
Term
Mathematical calculation reported as a number (normal.0.8-1.2) used to standardize the results of anticoagulantion testing
Definition
INR international normalized ratio
Term
Stimulates liver cells to increase synthesis of prothrombin. Faster clot formation
Definition
Vitamin k
Term
Stationary blood clot
Definition
Thrombus
Term
Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel. Stationary
Definition
Thrombosis
Term
A blood clot or other substance (bubble of air) that is moving in the blood and may block a blood vessel
Definition
Embolus
Term
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign matter carried in the bloodstream
Definition
Embolism
Term
Drugs that dissolve blood clots
Definition
Streptokinase
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-pa)
Term
Substance that when introduced to the body causes the formation of antibodies against it ; can activate the immune system to make certain responses ;including the production of antibodies
Definition
Antigens
Term
Almost all substances that act as antigens and stimulate the immune system are foreign protein s called ______ ______ antigens. That is, they are not the body's own natural self antigens, which are found on the cell membranes of normal body cells. Generally proteins that have entered the body from the outside by way of infection, transfusion, or some other method
Definition
Non - self
Term
Substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance (antigens) that has entered the body
Definition
Antibody
Term
Antibodies causing antigens to clump together
Definition
Agglutinate
Term
4 blood types
Definition
A b ab o
Term
Type A
Definition
A antigen
B Antibody
Term
Type b
Definition
B antigens
A Antibody
Term
Ab blood
Definition
A and b antigens
No antibodies
Universal receiver
Term
Type o
Definition
No antigens
a and b antibodies
Universal donor
Term
Antibody
Definition
Gives blood
Term
Antigens
Definition
Receive blood
Term
Red blood cells that do contain Rh factor antigens
Definition
Rh positive
Term
Rbc that doesn't contain Rh factor
Definition
Rh negative
Term
Injection. Of a special protein given to an Rh negative woman who is pregnant to prevent her body from forming anti Rh antibodies which may harm an Rh positive baby in a subsequent pregnancy
Definition
Rhogam
Term
the term ___ is used because this important blood cell antigen was first discovered in the blood of Rhesus monkeys
Definition
RH
Term
harmful effects or even death can result from a __________ ___________ reaction if the donor's RBCs become agglutinated by antibodies in the recipient's plasma
Definition
blood transfusion
Term
universal donor blood
Definition
type O -
Term
universal recipient blood
Definition
type AB +
Term
reinfusing of RBCs (or drugs that increase RBC production) into an athlete prior to competition in attempt to increase performance levels or stamina by increasing the oxygen-carrying capability of the blood
Definition
blood doping
Term
__________ never naturally contains anti-Rh antibodies
Definition
plasma
Term
disease that may develop when an Rh-negative mother has anti-Rh antibodies and gives birth to an Rh-positive baby and antibodies react with the Rh-positive cells of the baby
Definition
erythroblastosis fetalis
Term
one of the primary benefits of ______ ______ is an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity caused by increases in hemoglobin levels
Definition
blood transfusion
Term
blood minus its cells
Definition
plasma
Term
RBC RANGE
Definition
4.5-5 MILLION
Term
WBC RANGE
Definition
5-10,000
Term
PLATELET RANGE
Definition
300,000
Term
the system that supplies transportation for cells of the body
Definition
circulatory system
Term
the pump that keeps blood moving through a closed circuit of blood vessels
Definition
heart
Term
permit the movement or exchange of many substances between the blood and fluid surrounding body cells; microscopic
Definition
capillaries
Term
tubing that carries the blood
Definition
vessels
Term
means "muscle"
Definition
myo-
Term
_______ and _________ are composed of three layers of tissue
Definition
arteries and veins
Term
_________ are thicker than ________ because they carry blood under higher pressure
Definition
arteries, veins
Term
________ and __________ carry blood in opposite directions
Definition
arteries, veins
Term
need to be thin-walled because this is where the exchange of material between the blood and the tissues takes place
Definition
capillaries
Term
blood pressure is (HIGHEST/LOWEST) just after leaving the heart and is(HIGHEST/LOWEST) just before returning to the heart
Definition
highest, lowest
Term
_________ is located between the lungs in the lower portion of the mediastinum
Definition
heart
Term
often described as a triangular organ, shaped and sized roughly like a closed fist
Definition
heart
Term
pointed end of a conical structure; blunt point; lower edge of the heart that lies on the diaphragm; points towards the left
Definition
apex
Term
heart sounds are often listened to by placing a stethoscope on the chest wall directly over the ______ of the heart
Definition
apex
Term
sounds of the ______ ______ are easily heard on the chest wall above the apex of the heart; that is, in the line space between the fifth and sixth ribs
Definition
apical beat
Term
combined external cardiac massage and artificial respiration
Definition
cardiopulmonary resucitation CPR
Term
the heart is (SOLID/HOLLOW)
Definition
HOLLOW
Term
the heart contains (how many) cavities
Definition
4
Term
two upper chambers of the heart
Definition
atria
Term
two lower chambers of the heart
Definition
ventricles
Term
the (ATRIA/VENTRICLES) are smaller than the (VENTRICLE/ATRIA) and their walls are thinner and less muscular
Definition
atria, ventricles
Term
often called receiving chambers
Definition
atria
Term
receive blood from the superior and inferior vena cava; the atria; blood enters the heart through veins that open into the upper cavities
Definition
receiving chambers
Term
referred to as discharging chambers
Definition
ventricles
Term
blood is pumped from the heart into the arteries that exit from the ventricles; therefore, __________ chambers
Definition
discharging
Term
muscle of the heart; composes the wall of each heart chamber
Definition
myocardium
Term
septum between the atrial chambers
Definition
interatrial septum
Term
septum between the ventricle chambers
Definition
interventricular septum
Term
each chamber of the heart is lined by a thin layer of very smooth tissue called
Definition
endocardium
Term
inflammation of the lining of the heart
Definition
endocarditis
Term
if inflamed, the endocardial ining can become rough and abrasive to RBCs passing over its surface, and can be subject to clotting and forming a __________
Definition
thrombus
Term
membrane that ssurrounds the heart; consists of two layers of tissue with small space inbetween
Definition
pericardium
Term
two layers of the pericardium
Definition
visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium
Term
the pericardium that covers the heart; also called the epicardium
Definition
visceral pericardium
Term
pericardium surrounding the heart lie a loose fitting sack to allow the heart enough room to beat
Definition
parietal pericardium
Term
endo-
Definition
within
Term
epi-
Definition
on top
Term
the ________ and the ________ layers of the pericardium slide against each other without friction because they are serous with moist surfaces
Definition
visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium
Term
a thin film of _____ fluid furnishes the lubricating moistness between the heart and its enveloping pericardial sac
Definition
pericardial
Term
inflammation of the pericardium
Definition
pericarditis
Term
serves as a muscular pumping device for distributing blood to all parts of the body
Definition
heart
Term
contraction of the heart muscle
Definition
systole
Term
relaxation of the heart muscle; interposed between its contractions
Definition
diastole
Term
when the heart beats, the ______ contract first, forcing blood into the ventricles
Definition
atria
Term
once filled, the two _________ contract and force blood out of the heart
Definition
ventricles
Term
two valves that seperate the atrial chambers from the ventricle chambers
Definition
atrioventricular (AV) valves
Term
one of the two AV valves; located between the left atrium and ventricle and sometimes called the mitral valve
Definition
bicuspid valve
Term
the valve located between the right atrium and ventricle
Definition
tricuspid valve
Term
_________ valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract
Definition
AV
Term
stringlike like structures that attach the AV valves to the wall of the heart
Definition
chordae tendineae
Term
valves located between the two ventricular chambers and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart; valves found in veins
Definition
semilunar (SL) valves
Term
the _______, like the atria, contract together, therefore two semilunar valves open and close at the same time
Definition
ventricles
Term
valve located at the beginning of the pulmonary artery; alows blood going to the lungs to flow out of the right ventricle but prevents it from flowing back into the ventricle
Definition
pulmonary SL valve
Term
valve between the aorta and left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricle; allows it to flow out of the ventricle
Definition
aortic SL valve
Term
the firs lub sound is caused by the vibration and abrupt closure of the __ ______ as the ventricles contract
Definition
av valves
Term
the _________ sound of the lub-dub is onger duration and lower pitch
Definition
first
Term
the second heart sound is caused by the closing of both the ________ _________ when the ventricles under go diastole
Definition
semilunar valves
Term
the heart acts as _____ seperate pumps
Definition
two
Term
the ________ atrium and ventricle perform a task quite different from the _______ atrium and ventricle
Definition
right and left
Term
when the heart beats, first the _______ contract simultaneously; systole
Definition
atria
Term
after atrial systole, the __________ fill with blood and they too contract together during systole
Definition
ventricles
Term
the (RIGHT AND LEFT/ TOP AND BOTTOM) sides of the heart act as two seperate pumps
Definition
right and left
Term
trace a drop of blood
Definition
superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
trucuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary artery
lungs (o2/co2 exchange)
4 pulmonary veins (oxygenated)
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries (o2/co2 exchange)
venules
veins
inferior/superior vena cava
Term
one of the two large veins returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
Definition
superior vena cava
Term
one of two large veins carrying blood into the right atrium
Definition
inferior vena cava
Term
the _______ heart pump receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins
Definition
right
Term
artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the blood
Definition
pulmonary artery
Term
any vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Definition
pulmonary veins
Term
main and largest artery in the body
Definition
aorta
Term
Some really terrific, rad people play lottery 4 power, love, belongings, loyalty and acknowledgement, always care very victorious individuals
Definition
Superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, 4 pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left venticle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, arteries, capillaries, venules, veins, inferior/superior vena cave
Term
___________ circulation involves the movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Definition
pulmonary
Term
___________ circulation involves movement of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body as a whole
Definition
systemic
Term
venous blood flow from the right atrium to the lung and returning to the left atrium
Definition
pulmonary circulation
Term
blood flow from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and back to the right atrium
Definition
systemic circulation
Term
requires a constant supply of blood containing nutrients and oxygen to function effectively
Definition
heart
Term
delivery of oxygen and removal of waste product from the myocardium;
Definition
coronary circulation
Term
blood flows into the heart muscle by way of these two small vessels; they are the aorta's first branches
Definition
right and left coronary arteries
Term
obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign matter carried in the blood stream
Definition
embolism
Term
tissue death; results from inadequate blood supply; i.e. coronary thrombosis; "heart attack"; common cause of death during middle and late adulthood
Definition
myocardial infarction (MI)
Term
recovery from a ________ _________ is possible if the amount of heart tissue damaged was small enough so that the remaining undamaged heart muscle can pump blood effectively enough to supply the needs of the rest of the heart and body
Definition
myocardial infarction
Term
severe chest pain resulting when the myocardium is deprived of sufficient oxygen; sign of myocardial infarction
Definition
angina pectoris
Term
surgery to relieve severely restricted coronary blood flow; veins are taen from other parts of the body to bypass the partial blockage; common treatment
Definition
coronary bypass surgery
Term
procedure in which a device is inserted into a blood vessel to open a channel for blood flow
Definition
angioplasty
Term
any vein that carries blood from the myocardial capillary beds to the coronary sinus
Definition
cardiac vein
Term
area that receives deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins and empties into the right atrium
Definition
coronary sinus
Term
each commplete heartbeat; including contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles
Definition
cardiac cycle
Term
each cardiac cycle takes about _____ seconds to complete if the heart is beating at an average rate of about 72 beats per minute
Definition
0.8
Term
the amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles of the heart with each beat
Definition
stroke volume
Term
volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute
Definition
cardiac output
Term
cardiac output averages at about ____L in a normal resting adult
Definition
5
Term
cardiac muscle fibers can contract rhythmically on their own, however they must be coordinated by _________ ___________ if the heart is to pump effectively
Definition
electrical signals
Term
most important thing to realize about conduction system of the heart is that all of the ________ muscle fibers in each region of the heart are electrically lined together
Definition
cardiac
Term
cross striations and unique dark bands that are found in the cardiac muscle fibers; electrical connectors that join muscle fibers into a single unit that can conduct an impulse through the entire wall of a chamber without stopping
Definition
intercalated disks
Term
both atrial walls will contract at about the same time because all of their fibers are ___________ linked
Definition
electrically
Term
conduction of the heart:
who will SAVe His bAVy KIN!"
Definition
SA Node
Av Node
Bundle of His
bundle branches
perkinje fibers
Term
the heart's pacemaker; where the impulse conduction of the heart normally starts; located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava
Definition
sinoatrial (sa) node
Term
a small mass of a specialized cardiac muscle tissue; part of the conduction system of the heart
Definition
atrioventricular (av) node
Term
fibers in the heart that relay a nerve impulse from the av node to the ventricles
Definition
Av Bundle/ bundle of his
Term
specialized cells located in the walls of the ventricles; relay nerve impulses from the av node to the ventricles causing them to contract
Definition
purkinje fibers
Term
__________ _________ occurs when impulses are blocked from getting through to the ventricles, resulting in the heart beating at a much slower rate than normal
Definition
heart block
Term
an electrical device that is implanted in to the heart to treat a heart block; maintains ventricular contractions for adequate circulation of blood
Definition
artificial pacemaker
Term
machine that produces electrocardiograms, graphic records of the hearts electrical activity (voltage fluctuations)
Definition
electrocardiograph
Term
graphic record of the hearts action potentials
Definition
electrocardiogram (ecg)
Term
3 waves of ECG
Definition
p wave
qrs complex
t wave
Term
deflection on an ECG that occurs with depolarization of the atria
Definition
p wave
Term
deflection on an ECG that occurs as a result of depolarization of the ventricles
Definition
qrs complex
Term
deflection on the ECG that occurs with repolarization of the ventricles
Definition
T wave
Term
the electrical activity that triggers a contraction of the heart muscle
Definition
depolarization
Term
phase that begins just before the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle activity
Definition
repolarization
Term
arterial blood is pumped from the heart through a series of large distributioin vessels.....
Definition
arteries
Term
vessel carrying blood away from the heart
Definition
artery
Term
largest artery in the body
Definition
aorta
Term
small branch of an artery
Definition
arteriole
Term
arteries subdivide into vesseels that become progressively smaller and finally become tiny __________ that control the flow into microscopic exchange vessels
Definition
arterioles
Term
tiny, microscopic vessels that connect arterioles and venules
Definition
capillaries
Term
exchange of nutrients and respiratory gases occurs between the blood and tissue fluid around the cells in the _________ ________
Definition
capillary beds
Term
small blood vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and join to form veins
Definition
venules
Term
vessel carrying blood toward the heart
Definition
veins
Term
larges veins are the
Definition
superior and inferior vena cava
Term
carry blood away from the heart and toward the capillaries
Definition
arteries
Term
arteries and veins have ____ layers
Definition
3
Term
outermost layer found in blood vessels; made of connective tissue fibers which reinforce the wall of the vessel so it will not burst under pressure
Definition
tunica externa
Term
the muscular middle layer found in the blood vessels; more muscular in arteries than in veins
Definition
turnica media
Term
endothelium that lines the blood vessels' single layer of squamus epithelial endothelium that lines the inner surface of the entire circulatory system
Definition
tunica intima
Term
squamous epithelial cells that line the inner surface of the entire circulatory system and the vessels of the lymphatic system
Definition
endothelium
Term
_______ are equipped with one way valves that prevent the backflow of blood
Definition
veins
Term
when a surgeon cuts into a body, only ________, ___________l, ___________ and ___________ can be seen
Definition
arteries, arterioles, veins, venules
Term
most important structural feature of the _________ is their extreme thinness; only one layer of flat endothelial cells. tunica intima only, so that substances can pass through it on their way to or from cells
Definition
capillaries
Term
smooth muscle cells that guard the entrance to the capillary and determine how much blood will flow into each capillary
Definition
precapillary sphincters
Term
help maintain arterial blood pressure at a normal level
Definition
arterioles
Term
collect blood from capillaries and return it to the heart; serve as blood resevoirs because they carry blood under lower pressure and can expand to hold a larger volume of blood or constrict to hold a much smaller amount
Definition
venules and veins
Term
function as exchange vessels
Definition
capillaries
Term
___________ ___________ means that blood flows through vessels that are arranged to form a circuit or circular pattern
Definition
blood circulation
Term
blood flow from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and backto the right atrium
Definition
systemic circulation
Term
venous blood flow from the right atrium to the lung and returning to the left atrium
Definition
pulmonary circulation
Term
the route of blood flow through the liver
Definition
hepatic portal circulation
Term
veins from the _______ _________ __________ __________ and ________ do not pour their blood directly into the inferior vena cava as do the veins from other abdominal organs
Definition
spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines
Term
circulation in the body before birth differs from circulation after birth because the fetus must secure oxygen and food from
Definition
maternal blood
Term
flexible structure connecting the fetus with the placenta, which allows the umbillical arteries and vein to pass
Definition
umbillical cord
Term
2 small arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood from the developing fetus to the placenta
Definition
umbillical arteries
Term
a large vein containing oxygen rich blood from the placenta to developing fetus
Definition
umbillical vein
Term
a continuation of the umbillical vein that shunts blood returning from the placenta past the fetus' developing liver directly into the inferior vena cava
Definition
ductus venosus
Term
shunts blood from the right atrium, allowing most blood to bypass the baby's developing lungs
Definition
foramen ovale
Term
connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery, allowing most blood to bypass the fetus' developing lungs
Definition
ductus arteriosus
Term
the difference between two blood pressures inthe body
Definition
blood pressure gradient
Term
abnormally high blood pressure
Definition
hypertension
Term
resistance to blood flow encountered in the peripheral arteries
Definition
peripheral resistance
Term
factors that control changes in the diameter of arterioles by changing the tension of smooth muscles in the vessel walls
Definition
vasometer mechanism
Term
venous blood pressure within the right atrium that influences the pressure in the large perifpheral veins
Definition
central venous pressure
Term
device used for measuring blood pressure in the arteries of a limb
Definition
sphygmomanometer
Term
force with which the blood pushes against the artery walls when the ventricles contract
Definition
systolic pressure
Term
blood pressure in the arteries during diastole of the heart
Definition
diastolic pressure
Term
push of blood as it flows through the circulatory system
Definition
blood pressure
Term
where does blood pressure exist
Definition
all blood vessels
Term
hypertension can result in
Definition
ruptured vessel, stroke
Term
hypotension can result in
Definition
blood stops flowing; perfusion
Term
direct cause of blood pressure is
Definition
volume
Term
strength and rate of heartbeat affect
Definition
blood pressure and cardiac output
Term
artery expanding and then recoiling alternately
Definition
pulse
Term
the body's defense system against disease
Definition
immune system
Term
specialized fluid that is formed in the tissue spaces that returns excess fluids and protein molecules to the blood
Definition
lymph
Term
vessels that carry lymph to its eventual return to the circulatory system
Definition
lymphatic vessels
Term
fluid located in the microscopic spaces between the cells
Definition
interstitial fluids
Term
tiny, blind-ended tubes distributed in the tissue spaces
Definition
lymphatic capillaries
Term
terminal vessel into which lymphatic vessels empty lymp; the duct then empties the lymph into the circulatory system
Definition
lymphatic duct
Term
short vessel into which lymphatic vessels from the right upper quadrant of the body empty lymph; the duct then empties lymph into the circulatory system at the right subclavian vein
Definition
right lymphatic duct
Term
largest lymphatic vessel in the body
Definition
thoracic duct
Term
an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving towards its point of entry into the venous system
Definition
cisterna chyli
Term
performs biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system
Definition
lymph nodes
Term
small lymphatic vessels that carry lymphatic fluid towards the lymph node
Definition
afferent
Term
return of an organ to its normal size after an enlargement; also retrograde or degenerative change
Definition
involution
Term
masses of lymphoid tissue; protect against bacteria, each side of throat
Definition
palatine tonsils
Term
lymphoid tissue; bacteria prtoection; base of tongue
Definition
linguinal tonsils
Term
tonsil near posterior opening of the nasal cavity
Definition
pharyngeal
Term
largest lymphoid organ; filters blood, destrys worn out rbcs, salvages iron from hemoglobin, and serves as a blood resevoir
Definition
spleen
Term
surgical removal of spleen
Definition
splenectomy
Term
hypersensitivity of the immune system to relatively harmelss environmental antigens
Definition
allergy
Term
shock resulting from a severe allergic reaction; may be fatal
Definition
anaphylactic shock
Term
the protective mechanisms that provide immediate, generic protection against any bacteria, toxin, or other injurious particle; also called innate immunity
Definition
nonspecific immunity
Term
nonspecific immune response produced in response to injury resulting in redness, pain, heat, and swelling and promoting moevement of wbcs to the affected area
Definition
inflammatory response
Term
the protective mechanisms that provide specific protection against certain type s of bacteria or toxins; adaptive immunity
Definition
specific immunity
Term
deliberate artificial exposure to disease to produce acquired immunity
Definition
immunization
Term
antigen binding sites, antigen receptor regions on antibody molecule; shape of a specific antigen
Definition
combining sites
Term
immunity that is produced when antibodies mae antirgens unable to harm the body
Definition
antibody mediated immunity
Term
rapid fire series of chemical reactions involving proteins called complements which are triggered by certain antigen reactions and result in the formation of tiny protein rings that create holes in a foreighn cell and thus cause its destruction
Definition
complement cascade
Term
any of several inactive enymes normally present in blood which when activated kill foreign cells by disolving them
Definition
complement
Term
specific antibody produced from a population of identical cells
Definition
monoclonal antibody
Term
fused or hybrid cells that continue to produces the same antibody as the original lymphocyte
Definition
hybridomas
Term
macrophage found in spaces between the liver cells
Definition
kupffer's cells
Term
macrophages that ingest particular matter in teh small air sacs of the lungs
Definition
dust cells
Term
small proteins produced by the immune system that inhibits virus multiplication
Definition
interferon
Term
any of a family of many identical cells descended from a single parent cell
Definition
clone
Term
cell that remains in reserve in the lymph nodes until its ability to secrete antibodies is needed
Definition
memory cell
Term
cells that secrete copious amounts of antibody into the blood
Definition
plasma cells
Term
heart conduction pathways
Definition
bachmanns
thorel
winkybach
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
male - 13.2 to 17.3
female= 11.7 to 15.5
Term
hematocrit
Definition
male 43-49%
female 38-44%
Term
chloride
Definition
100-106
Term
digoxin
Definition
0.5-2
Term
dilantin
Definition
10-20
Term
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Definition
superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
4 pulmonary veins
left ventricle
bicuspid
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
arteries
Arterioles
capillaries
veins
venules
inferior/superior vena cava
Term
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Definition
superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
triscuspid
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
4 pulmonary veins
left ventricles
bicuspid
aortic semilunar valves
aorta
artery
arterioles
capillaries
veins
venules
inferior/superior vena cava
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