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Blood, and the Cardiovascular System
Definiions and Concepts
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/10/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What elements compose the blood?
Definition

 

  • Plasma
  • Formed Elements: RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes), and Platelets

 

 

Term

 

What are "vital stats"?

Definition
  • pH: 7.35–7.45
  • Body Temp: 38°C
  • blood is about 8% of body weight
  • Average volume: 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females
  • Blood Pressure: 120/80
  • BPM: 40-60
  • Breath rate: 12 to 20 breaths/min

 

 

Term

 

 

Define hematocrit

Definition

 

 

Percent of blood volume of RBCs

-about 42 for women

-about 47 for men

Term

 

 

What are the functions of the blood?

Definition

Distribution- transporting wastes and hormones

Regulation- body temperature

Protection- blood loss, infection

Term

 

How is plasma composed?

Definition

 

90% water
Proteins are mostly produced by the liver
60% albumin
36% globulins
4% fibrinogen
Term

[image]

 

Name and Function of A?

Definition

 

 

Platlets- Clotting

Term

 

 

[image]

 

Name and Function of B?

Definition

 

Erythrocytes- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, contain hemoglobin

Term

 

[image]

 

Name and Function of C?

Definition

 

Monocyte (agranulocyte)-Phagocyte, develop into macrophages in tissues

Term

 

[image]

 

Name and Function of D?

Definition

 

Neutrophil (granulocyte)- Phagocytize bacteria

Term

 

[image]

 

Name and Function of E?

 

Definition

 

Lymphocyte(agranulocyte)-mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

Term

[image]

 

Name and Function on Left?

Definition

 

Neutrophil (granulocyte)- phagocytize bacteria

Term

[image]

 

Name and Function of Middle?

Definition
Eosinophil- kill parasitic worms, complex roll in allergy and asthma
Term

[image]

 

Name and Function of Right?

Definition
Basophil(agranulocyte)-releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation, heparin, anticoagulent
Term

 

 

What are hematoblastocytes?

Definition

 

 

hemapoetic stem cell

-give rise to formed cells, turn into some sort of blood cell

-hormones push cell towards a certain path of growth

Term

 

What is erythropoesis?

Definition

 

Red blood cell production

-Erythropoietin- stimulus for erythropoesis

 

 

 

 

 

  • A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast
  • Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts

 

 

 

 

Term

 

How does the body respond in states of hypoxia?

Definition
 EPO is released by the kidneys, which results in the production of RBCs
Term
What is the name of the hormone involved in erythropoesis?
Definition
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Term
What dietary nutrients are necessary for erthropoesis?
Definition
iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
Term
What is the lifespan of a RBC? WBC?
Definition

RBC-100-120 days

WBC- about 30 days

Term

What is anemia?

Identifying Factors?

Definition

Anemia is a low oxygen carrying capacity

-fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills

Term
What is sickle cell anemia?
Definition
Defective gene that codes for abnormal hemoglobin, causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped, results in low oxygen carrying abillity
Term

What is polycythemia?

Causes?

Definition

Polycythemia- Excess RBCs, which results in high blood viscosity

Results from:

polycythemia vera- red bone marrow cancer

secondary Polycythemia- low oxygen available, more RBCs

blood doping-injection of RBCs

Term

Leucopenia?

Causes?

Definition

Leucopenia-abnormally low WBCs

Caused by various drugs

Term
Triggers to stop bleeding?
Definition

 

Direct injury

 

Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets

 

Pain reflexes

 

Term

Define thrombus?

embolus?

Definition

thrombus- blood clot at cite of injury

embolus-

broken off clot that ends up in blood stream

Term

Blood Type AB

Antigen present?

Antibodies in plasma?

Can Donate to?

Receive from?

Definition

Antigen- A and B

Antibodies-None

Donate to-None

Receive from- A, B, AB, and O

Term

Blood Type A

Anitgen present?

Antibodies in plasma?

Can Donate to?

Receive from?

Definition

Antigen-A

Antibodies in plasma- B

Can donate to- AB, and A

Receive from- A, O

Term

Blood Type B

Anitgen present?

Antibodies in plasma?

Can Donate to?

Receive from?

Definition

Antigen- B

Antibodies- A

Donate to- AB, and B

Receive- B, O

Term

Blood Type O

Anitgen present?

Antibodies in plasma?

Can Donate to?

Receive from?

Definition

Antigen- None

Anitbodies- A and B

Donate to- A, B, AB, and O

Receive from- O

Term
Location of the heart?
Definition
In the mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space
On the superior surface of diaphragm
Two-thirds to the left of the midsternal line
Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
Term

[image]

A?

B?

C?

D?

E?

F?

Definition

A- fibrous pericardium

B-parietal layer, serous pericardium

C-Pericardial cavity

D- visceral layer, serous pericardium

E- myocardium

F-endocardium

Term
Pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition

 

Right atrium > tricuspid valve >right ventricle

 

Right ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve >pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries >  lungs

 

>pulmonary veins > left atrium

 

Left atrium >bicuspid valve >left ventricle

 

Left ventricle >aortic semilunar valve >aorta

 

Aorta > systemic circulation

 

 
 

 

Term

Differentiate between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

 

Definition

Pulmonary-low pressure, excretion of carbon dioxide, takes blood to be oxygenated

Systemic-high pressure, blood transport to tissues of the body

Term
What are the coronary vessels for?
Definition
supply blood to heart muscle
Term
What system controls the heart?
Definition
The autonomic nervous system
Term
What does an EKG measure?
Definition
Electrical activity in the heart
Term
Which sound is associated with which valves closing?
Definition

Lub(1st sound)- first sound occurs when AV valves close, beginning of sytole (contraction)

Dup (2nd sound)- second sound occurs when the semi-lunar valves close, beginning of diastole (relaxation)

Term
What is a heart murmur?
Definition
abnormal heart sounds indicative of valve problems
Term

[image]

 

Brown Spot?

Definition
where to listen to aortic valve
Term

[image]

 

Blue Spot?

Definition
where to listen to pulmonary valve
Term

[image]

 

Yellow spot?

Definition

where to listen for tricuspid valve

 

Term

[image]

Pink Spot?

Definition
where to listen to mitral valve
Term
What is systole?
Definition
contraction
Term
What is diastole?
Definition
relaxation
Term
What is EDV?
Definition

 

End diastolic volume (EDV): volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

 

Term
What is ESV?
Definition

 

End systolic volume (ESV): volume of blood remaining in each ventricle

 

Term
What is cardiac output?
Definition

 

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

 

CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

 

HR = number of beats per minute

 

SV = volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

 

Term
Define preload?
Definition
Term
Define contractibility?
Definition

 

Contractility: contractile strength at a given muscle length, independent of muscle stretch and EDV

 

Term
Define afterload?
Definition

 

Afterload: pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood

-pressure in arteries

 

 

Term
What is hypertension?
Definition

 

high blood pressure
Hypertension increases afterload, resulting in increased ESV and reduced SV

 

Term
What are negative and positive chronotropic factors?
Definition

 

Positive chronotropic factors increase heart rate

 

Negative chronotropic factors decrease heart rate

 

Term

What are the sympathetic affects on the heart?

What neurotransmitter is associated?

 

Definition

-Increse heart rate and force of contraction

-causes pacemaker to fire more rapidly

-norepinephrine

Term

What are the parasympathetic affects on the heart?

What neurotransmitter is associated?

Definition

-opposes sympathetic effects

-vagus nerve, decreases heart rate

acetylcholine hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells by opening K channels

 

Term

What factors influence heart rate?

 

Definition
Age, Gender, Excercise, Body Temperature, Hormones, and Ion Concentrations (K and Ca)
Term
What is tachycardia?
Definition

Abnormally fast heart rate >100bpm

-can lead to fibrillation

Term
What is bradycardia?
Definition

slow heart rate <60bpm

can lead to low blood circulation

common in some athletes, cause of stronger hearts

Term
What is congestive heart failure?
Definition

 

Progressive condition where the CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs

 

Caused by

 

Coronary atherosclerosis

 

Persistent high blood pressure

 

Multiple myocardial infarcts

 

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

 

Term

What is the ductus arteriosus in a fetus called?

 

Definition
ligamentum arteriosum
Term
What is the foramen ovale in a fetus called?
Definition

fossa ovale

 

Term
What did the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosum do in the fetus?
Definition

 

Foramen ovale connects the two atria

 

Ductusarteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

 

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