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Blood
Blood
66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/16/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Average volume of blood in body

Definition
• 5 liters
• 8% body weight
Term

Viscosity of blood

Definition

• 4.5 - 5.5

 

• Thicker than H2O

Term

pH of blood

Definition
7.35 - 7.45
Term

Temperature of blood 

Definition

38° C

 

100.4° F in thorax

Term

Salt Concentration 

Definition
.85 to .9
Term

Functions of blood

Definition

 

• Transportation

 

• Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

 

• Protection

Term
Composition of Blood
Definition

1. plasma

 

2. Formed Elements

Term
Plasma
Definition

• 55% of total blood

• Contains water and dissolved solutes

 

Na - major solute of plasma in terms of concentration.

Ex. of other solutes - salts, ions, organic molecules, hormones, enzymes and antibodies

Term

3 types of plasma proteins

Definition
  • Albumins
  • Globulin
  • Fibrinogen

 

Term

Albumins

Definition
(54% of plasma proteins) smallest in size. Produced by liver and provides osmotic pressure needed to draw water from surrounding fluid to capillaries.
Term

 Globulins

Definition

Globulins - 38% 

 

3 types.

1. Alpha

2. beta

3. gamma

Term

Alpha

Definition
produced in liver and transports lipids; and fat soluble vitamins in blood
Term

Beta 

Definition
function the same as alpha.
produced in liver and transports lipids; and fat
Term

Gamma 

Definition
antibodies produced by lymphocytes; function in immunity.
Term

Fibrinogen 

Definition

(7% of protein content)

made in liver and converted to insoluble threads of fibrin when blood clots.

Term

Formed elements

Definition

1. Erythrocytes

 

2. Leukocytes

 

3. Thrombocytes

Term

Erythrocytes

Definition

Flattened, biconcave disc about 8 um in diameter Lack nucleus and mitochondria

- Circulating lifespan of 120 days

- Each erythrocyte contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules

- Destroyed by phagocytic cells in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

- Can not reproduce in blood stream

- Males have 4.6 to 6.2 million cells per mm

Term

Leukocytes

Definition

- Contain nuclei and mitochondria

- Move in ameboid fashion and can leave closed circulatory system

- Function to combat microbes

- Have 5,000

- 10,000 per mm

Term

Leukocytes

Classified according to stained appearance

Definition

Granular

Agranular

Term

Granular 

Definition
have granules in cytoplasm and oddly shaped nuclei are produced in red bone marrow from hemocytoblast.
Term

Eosinophils

Definition

2-4% of circulating leukocytes,

stain pink and

have deep red course granules in cytoplasm.

Are 10-14um.

Term

Basophils

Definition

less than 1% of circulating leukocytes,

 

blue staining granules in cytoplasm

 

- similar to eosinophils in size and shape.

 

8-10um.

Term

Neutrophils

Definition

most abundant,

60 - 70% of leukocytes,

lobed nucleus made of 2-5 parts,

most active phagocytes.

10-12 um.

Staining is neutral and only a few granules in cytoplasm.

Term

Agranular

Definition

no granules,

nuclei are usually spherical.

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Thrombocytes

Term

Lymphocytes

Definition

2nd most numerous,

small cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm. Makes 20 - 25% of white blood cells and may live for years.

Functions in immunity and antibody production.

Term

Monocytes 

Definition

largest of leukocytes,

have kidney or horse-shoe shaped nuclei,

live several weeks or months and are most active agranulaar phagocytes.

Makes 3-8% of white blood cells.

Term

Thrombocytes

Definition

(platelets) smallest of formed elements.

Fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes found in bone marrow.

2-4 um in diameter Lack nuclei

Capable of ameboid movement

Blood contains 250,000 - 400,000 per/mm3 Destroyed by spleen and liver after 5-9 days

Play important role in blood clotting.

Term

Heomopoiesis

Definition
blood cell formation
Term

Blood formations occurs in 2 classes of tissue

Definition

1. Myeloid tissue

 

2. Lymphoid tissue

Term

Myeloid tissue

Definition

red bone marrow of humeri,

femora, ribs, sternum, pelvis and portions of skull that produce erythrocytes,

 

both granular and agranular

leukocytes and platelets.

Term

Lymphoid tissue

Definition

includes tissue of lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and tonsils.

 

Produce agranular leukocytes

Term

Erythropoiesis

Definition
red blood cell formation
Term

Leukopoiesis

Definition
white blood cell formation.
Term

Polycythemia

Definition
abnormal increase in erythrocytes.
Term

Anemia

Definition
abnormal low count in erythrocytes
Term

Leukocytosis 

Definition
elevated leukocyte count.
Term

Leukemia

Definition
large number of immature leukocytes in blood sample.
Term

Hemostasis

Definition
stoppage of bleeding
Term

Mechanisms to Prevent Blood Loss from Damaged Vessels

Definition
1. Blood vessel spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
Term

Platelet plug formation

Definition
platelets stick to exposed ends of damaged vessels and adhere to collagen in connective tissue to each other to form the platelet plug.
Term

Coagulation

Definition
clot formation. Whether blood coagulates depends on ratio of coagulants to anticoagulants. Plasma proteins activate the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
Term

Types of Clotting

Definition
Extrinsic clotting
Intrinsic clotting
Term

Extrinsic clotting

Definition
triggered by release of chemical substances from broken blood vessels or damaged tissue:
Term

Intrinsic clotting

Definition
stimulated by contact with foreign surfaces in absence of tissue damage. Ex., cholesterol-containing masses - plaque.
Term

Steps in either extrinsic or instrinsic clotting.

 

Definition
l. formation of prothrombin activator
2. changing prothrombin to thrombin
3. changing fibrinogen to fibrin
Term

Extrinsic clotting is a simplier process than intrinsic clotting. What is the major difference?

Definition
the steps necessary to form prothrombin activator. Notice that Calcium is needed for each step in clot formation.
Term

Vitamin K is necessary to make what?

Definition
clotting factors.
Term

Fibrinolysis

Definition
dissolution of clot.
Term

Serum

Definition
plasma minus clotting factors.
Term

Thrombus

Definition
clot which forms in unbroken vessel.
Term

Embolus

Definition
clot carried with blood flow.
Term

Embolism

Definition
embolus lodged in vessel that cuts off circulation.
Term

Factors that Inhibit Clot Formation

Definition

• Smooth lining of vessel

• Negative charge of blood vessel lining • Fibrin threads absorb thrombin

• Anti-thrombin in plasma-interferes with action of thrombin

• Heparin from mast cells and basophils - interferes with prothrombin activator

Term

Blood Types is determined by

Definition
by the type of glycolipids located on the cell membrane
Term

Type A

Definition
erythrocytes manufacture only agglutinogen A.
Term

Type B

Definition
erythrocytes manufacture only agglutinogen B.
Term

Type AB

Definition
erythrocytes manufacture both aggulinogen A and B.
Term

Type O

Definition
erythrocytes manufacture neither aggulinogen A or B.
Term

Agglutination

Definition
clumping of red cells following transfusion reaction.
Term

Agglutinogen

Definition
antigen - substance that promotes formation of antibodies.
Term

Agglutinins

Definition
antibodies formed by plasma
Term

Universal recipient 

Definition
type AB
Term

Universal donor

Definition
type O.
Term

Rh factor

Definition
agglutinogen on surface of red blood cell.
Term

Rh positive

Definition
Rh agglutinogen present
Term

Rh negative

Definition
Rh agglutinogen absent
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