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Blood
General Overview of Blood
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/28/2013

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Term
Amount of blood an average adult has
Definition
4-6L
Term
Where formed elements are found
Definition
Blood plasma
Term
Types of formed elements
Definition
Erythrocytes, platelets, Leukocytes
Term
Neutrophils, eosinphils, and basophils are all types of _____
Definition
Granulocytes (a class of leukocytes)
Term
Lymphocytes and monocytes are types of _____
Definition
Agranulocytes (a class of leukocytes)
Term
How many types of leukocytes are there?
Definition
5
Term
The top layer of a blood sample passed through a centrifuge
Definition
Plasma - 47-63%
Term
Middle layer of a blood sample after being through a centrifuge
Definition
WBCs and platelets - about 1%
Term
Bottom layer of a blood sample that has passed through a centrifuge
Definition
RBCs - (hematocrit) - 37-52%
Term
Most abundant plasma protein
Definition
Albumin
Term
Name given to remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed from blood plasma
Definition
Serum
Term
Three classes of globulins
Definition
alpha, beta, gamma
Term
Precursor of fibrin
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
Type of ions that make up 90% of plasma ions
Definition
Sodium
Term
Viscosity
Definition
Resistance of a fluid to flow - ie stickiness or thickness
Term
Does a decrease in viscosity mean blood flows slower or more freely?
Definition
More freely
Term
Osmolarity
Definition
Total molarity of those particles that cannot pass through blood vessels
Term
Rate of reabsorption of blood is governed by this
Definition
Relative osmolarity of the blood versus the tissue fluid
Term
If osmolarity is too high, blood with absorbs too ___ water - blood volumes ____, and blood pressure _____
Definition
Much, raises, raises
Term
If osmolarity is too low, tissues will ____, blood pressure ____
Definition
swell, drops
Term
These are the main three things that effect the osmolarity of the blood
Definition
Sodium ions, proteins, erythrocytes
Term
Hemopoiesis
Definition
The production of blood
Term
Myeloid Hemopoeisis
Definition
Formation of blood in bone marrow
Term
All formed elements originate from these types of cells
Definition
Pluripotent stem cells (PPSC)
Term
True or false - RBCs have many of the usual organelles
Definition
False - they lose most of them during development
Term
Why is a RBC incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis
Definition
They do not have a nucleus or DNA
Term
The two things on the outer surface of a RBC's plasma membrane that determine a person's blood type
Definition
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
Term
The two proteins that make up the inner surface of the plasma membrane of an RBC
Definition
Spectrin and Actin - give resilience and durability
Term
Why the biconcave shape of an RBC is useful
Definition
Gives a greater surface to volume ration - allows oxygen and CO2 to diffuse quickly to and from haemoglobin
Term
Globins
Definition
The proteins that make up haemoglobin
Term
Four types of globins (proteins) that make up haemoglobin
Definition
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains
Term
This binds oxygen to the ferrous iron in the center of haemoglobin
Definition
Heme group - a non-protein moiety
Term
The amount of molecules of oxygen each heme group can carry in a haemoglobin molecule
Definition
One
Term
How many molecules of oxygen an entire haemoglobin molecule can carry
Definition
Four - one for each of the four heme groups it contains
Term
The main difference between different forms of haemoglobin
Definition
Slight differences in the globin chains
Term
The number of amino acids in an alpha chain and the amount on a beta chain in a haemoglobin molecule
Definition
Alpha - 141, Beta - 146
Term
What makes foetal haemoglobin different from adult haemoglobin
Definition
Adult haemoglobin has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains of globin, whereas foetal haemoglobin has 2 gamma chains instead of 2 beta chains
Term
Haematocrit
Definition
Percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs
Term
Why haematocrit values are higher in men than women
Definition
Menstrual loss, androgens stimulate RBC production (androgens are higher in men), haematrocrit is inversely proportional to percentage of body fat (higher in women), men clot faster and skin has less blood vessels
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
Erythrocyte production
Term
Overview of erythrocyte production
Definition
Reduction in cell size - increase in cell numbers - synthesis of haemoglobin - loss of nucleus and organelles - PPSCs become erythrocyte colony-forming unit (ECFU) with receptors for EPO - EPO stimulates ECFU to become erythroblast - erythrocytes multiply and stimulate haemoglobin - nucleus shrivels and discharges from cell - cell called reticulocyte - leaves bone marrow into blood
Term
Amount of iron men lose and amount women lose per day
Definition
M = 0.9mg
F = 1.7mg
Term
The two forms of dietary iron
Definition
Ferric (Fe3+)
Ferrous (Fe2+)
Term
The form of dietary iron that can be absorbed by the small intestine
Definition
Ferrous (Fe2+) converted by stomach acid from Ferric (Fe3+)
Term
The protein produced by the stomach that binds Fe2+ and transports it to the small intestine
Definition
Gastroferritin
Term
The plasma protein on blood that binds to ferrous iron and transfers it to bone marrow, liver and other tissues
Definition
Transferrin
Term
The protein that the liver uses to bind to excess iron in the bloodstream
Definition
apoferritin - makes storing complex called ferritin
Term
Two dietary chemicals needed for erythropoiesis
Definition
B12 and folic acid
Term
Is the RBC count maintained through a positive or negative feedback system?
Definition
Negative
Term
What the body does to attempt to rectify hypoxemia (oxygen deficiency in the blood)
Definition
Kidney increase EPO output
Term
Area of the body where many RBCs die
Definition
Spleen - small channels in blood vessels that RBCs cant pass through as their plasma membrane proteins degenerate
Term
Hemolysis
Definition
Rupture of RBCs - releases haemoglobin
Term
Why haemoglobin must be disposed of quickly after being released into the blood when an RBC dies
Definition
It can block the kidney tubules and cause renal failure
Term
These cells separate the heme from the globin when an RBC dies
Definition
Macrophages
Term
How haemoglobin is disposed of after an RBC dies
Definition
Macrophages separate the heme from the globin group - hydrolyse globin into free amino acids - dispose of the heme by removing iron and releasing it into the blood - converts heme into biliverdin then bilirubin - bilirubin released by macrophage - binds to albumin in blood plasma - liver removes albumin and secretes it into bile
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