Term
| Amount of blood an average adult has |
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Definition
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Term
| Where formed elements are found |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Erythrocytes, platelets, Leukocytes |
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Term
| Neutrophils, eosinphils, and basophils are all types of _____ |
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Definition
| Granulocytes (a class of leukocytes) |
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Term
| Lymphocytes and monocytes are types of _____ |
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Definition
| Agranulocytes (a class of leukocytes) |
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Term
| How many types of leukocytes are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| The top layer of a blood sample passed through a centrifuge |
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Definition
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Term
| Middle layer of a blood sample after being through a centrifuge |
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Definition
| WBCs and platelets - about 1% |
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Term
| Bottom layer of a blood sample that has passed through a centrifuge |
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Definition
| RBCs - (hematocrit) - 37-52% |
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Term
| Most abundant plasma protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Name given to remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed from blood plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| Three classes of globulins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Type of ions that make up 90% of plasma ions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Resistance of a fluid to flow - ie stickiness or thickness |
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Term
| Does a decrease in viscosity mean blood flows slower or more freely? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Total molarity of those particles that cannot pass through blood vessels |
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Term
| Rate of reabsorption of blood is governed by this |
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Definition
| Relative osmolarity of the blood versus the tissue fluid |
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Term
| If osmolarity is too high, blood with absorbs too ___ water - blood volumes ____, and blood pressure _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| If osmolarity is too low, tissues will ____, blood pressure ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| These are the main three things that effect the osmolarity of the blood |
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Definition
| Sodium ions, proteins, erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of blood in bone marrow |
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Term
| All formed elements originate from these types of cells |
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Definition
| Pluripotent stem cells (PPSC) |
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Term
| True or false - RBCs have many of the usual organelles |
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Definition
| False - they lose most of them during development |
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Term
| Why is a RBC incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis |
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Definition
| They do not have a nucleus or DNA |
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Term
| The two things on the outer surface of a RBC's plasma membrane that determine a person's blood type |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins and glycolipids |
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Term
| The two proteins that make up the inner surface of the plasma membrane of an RBC |
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Definition
| Spectrin and Actin - give resilience and durability |
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Term
| Why the biconcave shape of an RBC is useful |
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Definition
| Gives a greater surface to volume ration - allows oxygen and CO2 to diffuse quickly to and from haemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| The proteins that make up haemoglobin |
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Term
| Four types of globins (proteins) that make up haemoglobin |
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Definition
| 2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains |
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Term
| This binds oxygen to the ferrous iron in the center of haemoglobin |
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Definition
| Heme group - a non-protein moiety |
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Term
| The amount of molecules of oxygen each heme group can carry in a haemoglobin molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| How many molecules of oxygen an entire haemoglobin molecule can carry |
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Definition
| Four - one for each of the four heme groups it contains |
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Term
| The main difference between different forms of haemoglobin |
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Definition
| Slight differences in the globin chains |
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Term
| The number of amino acids in an alpha chain and the amount on a beta chain in a haemoglobin molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes foetal haemoglobin different from adult haemoglobin |
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Definition
| Adult haemoglobin has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains of globin, whereas foetal haemoglobin has 2 gamma chains instead of 2 beta chains |
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Term
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Definition
| Percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs |
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Term
| Why haematocrit values are higher in men than women |
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Definition
| Menstrual loss, androgens stimulate RBC production (androgens are higher in men), haematrocrit is inversely proportional to percentage of body fat (higher in women), men clot faster and skin has less blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Overview of erythrocyte production |
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Definition
| Reduction in cell size - increase in cell numbers - synthesis of haemoglobin - loss of nucleus and organelles - PPSCs become erythrocyte colony-forming unit (ECFU) with receptors for EPO - EPO stimulates ECFU to become erythroblast - erythrocytes multiply and stimulate haemoglobin - nucleus shrivels and discharges from cell - cell called reticulocyte - leaves bone marrow into blood |
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Term
| Amount of iron men lose and amount women lose per day |
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Definition
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Term
| The two forms of dietary iron |
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Definition
Ferric (Fe3+)
Ferrous (Fe2+) |
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Term
| The form of dietary iron that can be absorbed by the small intestine |
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Definition
| Ferrous (Fe2+) converted by stomach acid from Ferric (Fe3+) |
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Term
| The protein produced by the stomach that binds Fe2+ and transports it to the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| The plasma protein on blood that binds to ferrous iron and transfers it to bone marrow, liver and other tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein that the liver uses to bind to excess iron in the bloodstream |
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Definition
| apoferritin - makes storing complex called ferritin |
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Term
| Two dietary chemicals needed for erythropoiesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the RBC count maintained through a positive or negative feedback system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What the body does to attempt to rectify hypoxemia (oxygen deficiency in the blood) |
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Definition
| Kidney increase EPO output |
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Term
| Area of the body where many RBCs die |
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Definition
| Spleen - small channels in blood vessels that RBCs cant pass through as their plasma membrane proteins degenerate |
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Term
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Definition
| Rupture of RBCs - releases haemoglobin |
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Term
| Why haemoglobin must be disposed of quickly after being released into the blood when an RBC dies |
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Definition
| It can block the kidney tubules and cause renal failure |
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Term
| These cells separate the heme from the globin when an RBC dies |
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Definition
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Term
| How haemoglobin is disposed of after an RBC dies |
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Definition
| Macrophages separate the heme from the globin group - hydrolyse globin into free amino acids - dispose of the heme by removing iron and releasing it into the blood - converts heme into biliverdin then bilirubin - bilirubin released by macrophage - binds to albumin in blood plasma - liver removes albumin and secretes it into bile |
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