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Blood
blood anatomy and physiology
63
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/19/2013

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Term
What color is blood?
Definition
Oxgyen-rich is scarlet red
Oxgyen-poor is dull red
Term
What is polycythemia?
Definition
is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
Term
What are clotting proteins?
Definition
They help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Term
What is the pH of blood and temp?
Definition
7.35-7.45, 100.4 F
Term
What percentage is plasma in the blood?
Definition
55
Term
Plasma is consisted of?
Definition
Nutrients, salts (electrolytes), Respiratory gasses, Hormones, Plasma Proteins, Waste Products
and 90% water
Term
What are platelets?
Definition
Cell Fragments
Term
What is acidosis?
Definition
Blood becomes too acidic
Term
What makes up the plasma proteins?
Definition
Albumin
Clotting Proteins
Antibodies
Term
What are Leukocytes?
Definition
WBC
Term
What do B lymphocytes produce?
Definition
Antibodies
Term
What is albumin?
Definition
It regulates osmotic pressure
Term
What are antibodies?
Definition
They help protect the body from pathogens
Term
What is Sickle Cell Amenia (SCA)
Definition
results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin
Term
What are erythrocytes main function?
Definition
To carry oxygen
Term
What is the anatomy of circulating RBCS?
Definition
Biconcave disks
Bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Contain very few organelles
Term
What are eosinophils?
Definition
A granulocyte that's function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks
Term
What is hemoglobin?
Definition
Iron-Containing protein, binds strongly to oxygen
Term
What is amenia
Definition
a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Term
What are erythrocytes?
Definition
RBC
Term
What are lymphocytes?
Definition
Agranulocytes that function as part of the immune response
Term
What may cause polycythemia>
Definition
Bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera)
Living in a higher altitude
Term
What does polycythemia result in?
Definition
Increased RBC slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity
Term
What is leukocytes function?
Definition
Crucial in the body's defense against disease
Term
What is diapedesis?
Definition
The ability to move into and out of blood vessels
Term
What do leukocytes respond to?
Definition
Chemicals released by damaged tissues
Term
What is leukocytosis?
Definition
Generally indicates infection, WBC is elevated above 11,000
Term
What are platelets?
Definition
They are derived from ruptured multinucleate cells, needed for the clotting process
Term
What is leukopenia?
Definition
Commonly caused by certain drugs (corticosteroids, and anticancer agents), abnormally low leukocyte level
Term
What is leukemia?
Definition
Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC
Term
What are the WBC's formed elements from most to least abundant?
Definition
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Term
What are neutrophils?
Definition
They are a granulocyte that functions as phagocytes at active sites of infection, number increase during infection
Term
What are basophils?
Definition
A granulocyte that's function is to release histamine at sites of inflammation, contains heparin (anticoagulant)
Term
What is the volume and percent in typical person?
Definition
6 quarts/ 8% body weight
Term
What is alkalosis?
Definition
Blood becomes to basic
Term
What do T lymphocytes produce?
Definition
Involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses
Term
What are monocytes?
Definition
Agranulocytes that are the largest of the WBCs, function as macrophages important in fighting chronic infection
Term
What is hematopoiesis?
Definition
Blood Cell Formation, occurs in Red Bone Marrow
Term
Formation of Erythrocytes
Definition
Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Wear out in 100-120 days
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
Term
What is erythropoietin?
Definition
The rate that controls the production of erythrocytes
Term
What controls the formation of white blood cells and platelets?
Definition
Controlled by hormones
Thrombopoietin stimulates production
Term
Hemostasis involves what three phases?
Definition
Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)
Term
What are vascular spasms?
Definition
Vasoconstriction causing blood vessels to spasm
The spasms narrow the blood vessel decreasing blood loss
Term
What is platelet plug formation?
Definition
Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Platelets become "sticky" and cling to fibers
Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
Plateles pile up to form a platelet plug
Term
What is coagulation?
Definition
Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins
Fibrin forms a meshwork
Term
How long does it take for blood to clot?
Definition
Between three to six minutes
Term
What is a thrombus?
Definition
A clot-in an unbroken blood vessel
Term
Embolus
Definition
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
Term
What is thrombocytopenia?
Definition
A platelet deficiency
Term
What is hemophilia?
Definition
A hereditary bleeding disorder, normal clotting factors are missing
Term
Loss of 15 to 30 percent of blood causes?
Definition
Weakness
Term
Loss of over 30 percent of blood causes?
Definition
Shock
Term
What is the only way to replace blood quickly?
Definition
Transfusions
Term
What are antigens?
Definition
a substance the body recognizes as foreign, may be attacked by the immune system
Term
What are antibodies?
Definition
the recognizers of antigens
Term
ABO blood groups are based off of?
Definition
The presence or absence of two antigens (A,B) and if it lacks these antigens is called type O
Term
What type is the universal recipient?
Definition
AB
Term
What type is the universal donor?
Definition
O
Term
What determines the Rh blood group?
Definition
Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens
Term
What RH dangers can occur in pregnancy?
Definition
Danger occurs only when the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+ and the child inherits the Rh+ factor
Term
Where does blood cell form in the fetus?
Definition
Liver and Spleen, bone marrow takes over by seven months old
Term
What is physiological jaundice?
Definition
Results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
Term
Does fetal hemoglobin differ from hemoglobin produced after birth?
Definition
Yes
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