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Blood
what is blood, what are its components? etc
131
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/08/2012

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Term
what is blood general def
Definition
a fluid medium; specialized form of connective tissue, contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix
Term
blood fcn
Definition
transport dissolved substances

regulation of pH and ions

restriction of fluid losses at injury sites

defense against toxins & pathogens

stabilize body temp
Term
blood consists of
Definition
plasma & formed elements
Term
plasma def
Definition
fluid that has:

water

dissolved plasma proteins

solutes
Term
formed elements def
Definition
all cells & SOLIDS
Term
does blood have more plasma or formed elements?
Definition
plasma
Term
main component of plasma?
Definition
99% water
Term
main component of formed elements
Definition
99% RBCs
Term
3 types of formed elements are
Definition
RBC: transp O2

WBC: immune sys

platelets: clotiing
Term
is an antibody a formed element?
Definition
no
Term
hemopoieseis def
Definition
producing formed elements
Term
cells involved in hemopoieseis?
Definition
myeloid & lymphoid stem cells
Term
fractionation
Definition
seperating whole blood for clinical analysis

into plasma & formed elements
Term
fractionation is done from artery or vein
Definition
vein
Term
testing artery blood can be done
Definition
to look at gas exchange efficency
Term
general characteristics of blood
Definition
38 C temp (hot)

high viscosity (slick like oil)( 4x higher than water)

slightly alkaline (basic) 7.35
Term
blood volume in liters is what % of body weight?
Definition
7%

males have slightly more
Term
hypovolemic
Definition
low BV
Term
hypervolemic
Definition
high BV
Term
normal blood volume L
Definition
about 4-6 liters
Term
name 3 plasma proteins and %
Definition
albumins (60%)

globulins (35%)

fbrinogens (4%)
Term
fcn of albumins
Definition
tranport:
fatty acids

thyroid hormones

steroid hormones
Term
fcn of globulins
Definition
antibodies (immunolglobulins)

transport:
globulins

horomone-binding proteins

metalloproteins

lipoproteins

(sounds like goblin=scary=antibodies)
Term
fibrinogen def
Definition
produce molecules that form clots
& long stands of long & insoluble strands of fibrin
Term
serum def
Definition
liquid part of blood sample

that has solid fibrin
Term
name the peptide proteins that normally circulate in blood
Definition
insulin

prolactin

glycoproteins:
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

lutenizing hormone (LSH)

(In Plasma There are Five Losers)
Term
more than 90% of plasma proteins are made in the
Definition
liver
Term
peptide hormones made by
Definition
endocrine organs
Term
anitbodies made by
Definition
plasma cells
Term
fcns of hemoglobulin
Definition
the red pigment that gives whole blood its color

binds & transports O2 & CO2
Term
red blood cell count
Definition
# of RBCs in 1 microliter of blood
Term
average value of RBC count
Definition
4-6 million

males have more
Term
hemocrit
Definition
% of RBCs in centrifuged blood
Term
hemorcrit average value
Definition
40-50
Term
RBCS width
Definition
thin in middle

thick at edge
Term
RBC 3 important effects of shape & function
Definition
1. high surface to volume ratio
(quickly absorbs & releases oxygen)

2. can form stacks to go through narrow vessels

3. discs can bend to go into capillaries
Term
stacks of RBCs called
Definition
rouleaux
Term
diamteter of an RBS
Definition
7 microliters
Term
Do RBC have nuclei
mito
ribosomes
Definition
no
=no repair & anaeorbic respiration

(as they develope they destroy their organelles to hold max hemogloblin)
Term
RBCs live about
Definition
120 days
Term
normal hemoglobin value
Definition
12-18 g/dL

males have high
Term
hemoglobin structure
Definition
quatenary (4 subunits) protein

each subunit has:

heme ring in which Hg enclose an atom of Fe
Term
Hemogloblin easily binds and dissociates from oxygen , why?
Definition
can give O2 to tissues etc?

oxyhemogloblin - deoxyhemogloblin
Term
fetal hemoglobin is used for
Definition
treat sickle cell anemia
Term
What occurs when oxygen is low in peripheral capillaries?
Definition
Hemoglobin releases 02
binds CO2 and brings it to lungs
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
a gene for adult hemogloblin is abnormal.

mutation in the AA sequence on the beta chains of the hemogloblin molecule.
Term
transfusions help
Definition
help keep adequeate # RBC in circulation
(sickle cell anemia)
Term
who monitors RBCs and engulf RBC before they self rupture
Definition
macs of liver, spleen, bone marrow
Term
hemogloblin breaks into what components
Definition
heme to biliverdin
globular proteins to AA
iron
Term
heme grp breaks down to
Definition
biliverdin

(green) associated with bruises
Term
who filters blood or tell you whats going on
Definition
kidney
Term
hematuria
Definition
whole blood cells in urine
due to kidney/ tissue damage
Term
hemoglobinuria
Definition
hemoglobulin breakdown products in urine
due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream
Term
biliverdin is broken down to
Definition
bilirubin (yellow)
Term
bilirubin is excreted by ____ in the form of ____
Definition
liver, bile
Term
bilirybin is converted to ___ &____ by intestinal bac
Definition
urobilins (makes urine yellow)
stercobilins (makes feces brown)
Term
bilirubin
Definition
Term
jaundice is caused by
Definition
bilirubin buildup
Term
name the transport protein that aids with removal of iron from heme grp
Definition
transferrrin
Term
the Fe from heme is given to __+___ for storage
Definition
ferritin

hemosiderin
Term
ferritin

hemosiderin

fcn
Definition
store excess iron in liver and spleen
Term
ferritin

hemosiderin

fall into what grp of proteins?
Definition
metalloproteins
Term
erythropoiesis def
Definition
RBC prodcution
Term
erythropoiesis only occurs where?
Definition
in myeloid tissue of red bone marrow
Term
hemocytoblasts def
Definition
stem cells in myeloid tissue
Term
hemocytoblasts fcn
Definition
divide to produce:
myeloid stem cells (RBC, some WBC)

lymphoid stem cells
Term
high reticulocyte count means?
Definition
hemorrhaging b/c these RBCs are not mature
Term
anemia general def
Definition
hemorcit or hemoglobin content in RBCs is low, there will be problems with 02 delivery to peripheral tissues.
Term
building of RBCs requires:
Definition
amino acids

iron

vit B12, B6, folic acid (BEEF)
Term
stomach stapling can lead to
Definition
low b12=
pernicious anemia
Term
erthropoietin EPO also called
Definition
erthropoiesis stimulating hormone
Term
EPO is secreted by what organs ,in reponse to
Definition
liver, kidney, low O2 in tissues
Term
if you are in high altitiude you would secrete more
Definition
EPO
Term
EPO can also be secreted in response to?
Definition
anemia

blood flow to kidney declines

low O2

resp. surfaces of lungs are damaged
Term
surface antigens aka
Definition
agglutinogens ( carry out agglutination)
Term
antibodies are aka (think about tranfusion rxn)
Definition
agglutinins (cause agglutination to occur)
Term
cross rxn def &aka
Definition
tranfusion rxn:
surface antigens (a)

react with opposing antibodies (b)

agglutination (clumping)

hemolysis
Term
do WBC have hemoglobin?
Definition
no
Term
di WBC have organelles?
Definition
yes
Term
locations of WBC
Definition
connective tissue proper

lymphatic system

small no. in blood
Term
4 characterisitcs of circulating WBC
Definition
migrate out of bloodstream

amboeoid movement

attract to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis)

phagocytic
Term
which aWBS are phagocytes
Definition
neutrophils

eosinophils

monocytes
Term
differential Count
Definition
detection changes in WBC count
Term
leukopenia def
Definition
abnormally low WBC ct

could be due bone marrow disorder (autoimmune)
Term
leukocytosis def
Definition
abnormally HIGH WBC ct
Term
leukemia def
Definition
EXTREMELY high WBC ct (cancer)
Term
ex of progentior cells
Definition
myeloid & lymphoid stem cells

which all come from hemocytoblasts
Term
myeloid stem cells produce ___ except ____
Definition
all WBCs, no lymphocytes
Term
all WBCs develop in ___ except _____ which develope in ____
Definition
bone marrow, monocytes, tissues
Term
how is blood cell production regulated?
Definition
colony stimulating factors
Term
colony stimulating factors def
Definition
hormones that regulate blood cell populations.
Term
Name 3 stages of Blood Clotting in order
Definition
1.Vascular
2. Platelet formation
3. Coagulation Phase

note: all them occur within seconds of each other
Term
Give events in Vascular Phase
Definition
Main Goal: To seal off blood flow

1.endothelial cells expose basement membrane

2. Endothelial cells release:
ADP
prostacyclin
tissue factors

3. enothelial p.m. becomes sticky=
blood flow is sealed off
Term
Give events that occur in Platelet Formation
Definition
Main goal: addhesion & aggregiation of platelets

addhesion: done b y activated platelets that release clotting compounds

platelets attatch to exposed collagen of basement membrane

aggregigation: platelet plug formed
Term
The Coagulation Phase consists of what 3 pathways
Definition
Intrinsinc
Extrinisic

Common (where Int. & Ext meet)
Term
Coagulation Phase: Intrinsic Pathway events
Definition
IN bloodstream

proenzymes

factor 12 to collagen

platelet release factors (PF3)

Factor X activated
Term
Coagulation Phase: Extrinsic Pathway Give events
Definition
OUT of bloodstream

endothelium factor 3

tissue factors form a complex

Factor X activated
Term
Coagulation Phase: Common Pathway events
Definition
Factor X causes:

prothrombinASE to be activated =
prothrombin

prothrombin causes:

fibrinoGEN to fibin
Term
Factor 12 is involved in which Coagulation Pathway?
Definition
instrinsic
Term
Factor 3 is involved in which Coagulation Pathway?
Definition
Extrinsic
Term
Factor X is activated in which pathways
Definition
instrinsic & Extrinsic

rememeber factor x is used in commmon pathway to make thrombin and fibrin
Term
types of clotting compounds that are relaeased by activated platelets are
Definition
ADP

thromboxane A2

serotonin

clotting factord

PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR

CA2+ IONS
Term
Factors that Limit growth of platelet plug
Definition
prostacyclin/other inh proteins released by WBCs

circualting enzymes breakdown ADP

Negative (inh) feedback from serotonin

developement of blood clot isolates area
Term
fcn of prostacyclin
Definition
inh platelet aggregiagation
Term
clotting factors def
Definition
proteins/ions required for clotting
Term
clotting factors are synthesized in
Definition
liver
Term
clotting factors aka
Definition
procoagulants
Term
Feedback Control of Clotting: What happens when blood is clotted?
Definition
Stimulates formation of tissue factors that stimualte PF3 to be released

=
forms a positive feedback loop
=
clotting SPEEDS UP
Term
Name 5 compounds that PREVENT clotting
Definition
Anticoagulants

antithrombin III

heparin

protein c

prostacylcin
Term
Essentials for blood clotting that can come from diet?
Definition
ca2+ ions

vit K
Term
Clot retraction occurs wehn
Definition
Once fibrin network has formed
platelets & RBCs stick to fibrin strands
then platelts contract

then entire clot retracts
Term
fibrinolysis def
Definition
slow process of dissolving clot
Term
what occurs in fibrinolysis
Definition
thrombin & tissue plasminogen acitvator (p-PA) activate plasminogen
Term
role of plasminogen
Definition
produces plasmin

digests fibrin strands=

clots dissolved
Term
low levels of vit K will resolve in
Definition
low:
prothrombin

factor x

thromboplastin

prolonged BLEEDING
Term
types ofCSFs include
Definition
M-CSF

G-CSF

GM-CSF

Multi-CSF

colony stimulating factors
Term
M-CSFs produce
Definition
monocytes
Term
G-CSFs aka & produce
Definition
neupogen

produces: Granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Term
GM-CSFs produce
Definition
granulocyte & monocyte
Term
Multi CFS produce
Definition
everything:

rbc
platelets
monocytes
granulocytes
Term
platelets def
Definition
cell fragements involved in clotting
Term
platelts are removed and reserved for emoergencies in the
Definition
spleen
Term
normal platelet ct
Definition
150,000 to 500,000 (max)
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
low platelet ct
Term
thrombocytosis
Definition
high platelet ct
Term
platelet fcn
Definition
release clotting factors
patch + reduce size of breaks in vessel walls
Term
platelet production called, occurs in
Definition
thrombocytosis, bone marrow
Term
who manufacters platelets
Definition
megakaryocytes
Term
megakaryocytes are
Definition
giant cells in bone marrow make platets
Term
3 hormones that contribute to platelet production
Definition
thrombopoietin
interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Multi-CSF
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
cessation of bleeding
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