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Blood
EXAM 2
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/13/2012

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Term
How many liters of blood exist in the vascular compartment?
Definition
4-6
Term
Name some examples of the vascular compartment.
Definition
arteries, veins, hepatic sinusoids, dural sinuses, etc. All places you would normally have blood
Term
Blood is made of what two parts?
Definition
plasma and formed elements
Term
What are the formed elements?
Definition
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (thrombocytes)
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
the percentage of RBCs in whole blood
Term
What is a normal hematocrit?
Definition
33-45%
Term
Plasma is made mostly of?
Definition
H2O - 90-92%
Term
What is the most abundant SOLUTE in plasma?
Definition
plasma proteins
Term
What are the smallest plasma proteins?
Definition
Albumens
Term
The role of albumens is to...
Definition
maintain proper osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid
Term
Albumens are synthesized..
Definition
in the liver
Term
Alpha and Beta globulins have the same fx. what is it?
Definition
lipid transport in the blood
Term
Where are alpha and beta globulins synthesized?
Definition
the liver
Term
Gamma globulins are aka..
Definition
antibodies
Term
Where are gamma globulins made?
Definition
lymphoid tissues
Term
What is an example of clotting factors?
Definition
fibrinogen
Term
Last stage of blood clotting involves turning _____ into _____.
Definition
fibrinogen into fibrin
Term
What are some plasma nutrients found in plasma?
Definition
glucose, free amino acids, free fatty acids, lipoproteins, etc.
Term
Nitrogenous compounds found in plasma are..
Definition
urea, NH3, creatinine
Term
Electrolytes found in plasma are..
Definition
Na+, Cl-, Ca++, K+, Mg+, HCO3-, etc.
Term
Blood work looks at electrolytes levels to check the fx of what organ?
Definition
the kidneys
Term
What are the smallest cells in the body?
Definition
RBCs
Term
What is the fx of RBCs
Definition
gas transport in blood
Term
Erythropoesis
Definition
production of RBCs
Term
Where does erythropoesis occur in a fetus?
Definition
mostly in the liver
Term
Where does erythropoesis occur in an adult?
Definition
ribs, sternum and ilium
Term
Pathway of erythropoesis:
Definition
Stem cells - erythroblasts - reticulocytes - blood stream - 1-3 days - erythrocytes!
Term
What is the cell called when it leaves the red marrow before it becomes an RBC
Definition
reticulocytes
Term
What controls the rate of erythropoesis?
Definition
Negative feedback mechanism involving hormone erythropoitein
Term
Where is erythropoietin made?
Definition
The kidneys
Term
Fx of WBCs...
Definition
defend against microorganisms
Term
What are the 5 types of leukocytes?
Definition
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
Term
What are the most abundant WBCs in normal blood?
Definition
neutrophils 54-62%
Term
Which are the first WBCs to arrive to an injury and the first to die?
Definition
neutrophils
Term
Which WBC is your best defense again helminth infections?
Definition
Eosinophils
Term
What is the rarest of the WBCs?
Definition
Basophils
Term
Which WBCs are involed in inflamation?
Definition
Basophils
Term
These WBCs are the largest cells found in blood...
Definition
monocytes
Term
When these WBCs gets to an infection, they leave the blood into tissues and convert to macrophages..
Definition
monocytes
Term
Which WBCs are the smallest?
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
Which cells make antibodies?
Definition
T cells
Term
When a tissue is injured what chemicals are released at the site?
Definition
Paracrine chemicals
Term
Paracrine chemicals cause what to happen?
Definition
vasodilation of arterioles, and increase permeability (vaso D, increase P), increase blood flow to area
Term
Margination
Definition
when neutrophils move toward vessel and gets tumbled over to the wall
Term
Pavementing
Definition
WBCs attatching themselves to the vessel walls
Term
Postive chemotaxis
Definition
When the WBC crawls out of the blood vessel into the tissue space and will move toward the source of paracrines
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
stopping of bleeding
Term
What are the 3 stages of hemostasis?
Definition
vascular spasm, platelet plug, clot formation
Term
What is the inner lining of a blood cell?
Definition
simple squamous
Term
Describe a vascular spasm
Definition
a reflex vasoconstriction at the cut site, 30 min, platelets encounter collagen and develop sticky threads
Term
Describe platelet plug
Definition
does not stop the bleeding, platelets release serotonin thus prolonging vasoconstriction
Term
Describe clot formation briefly
Definition
fibrinogen combines to form fibrin
Term
What is the primary thing needed for clot formation
Definition
thrombin
Term
Thrombin is present in the blood as...
Definition
prothrombin
Term
The most important aspect of forming prothrombin is the activation of...
Definition
Clotting Factor X
Term
Extrinsic mechanism
Definition
Damaged tissues aroung the vessel make Tissue Thromboplastin (tissue factor)
Term
Intrinsic mechanism starts with ..
Definition
number XII (12)
Term
Clot retraction
Definition
this occurs as soon as the clot is formed, fibrin threads begin to shrink, broken edges of vessels draw together and healing occurs. Serum leaves the clot
Term
Serum
Definition
plasma minus the clotting factors
Term
What do fibroblasts do when they invade a clot?
Definition
produce collagen to strengthen it
Term
fibrinolysis
Definition
clot removal
Term
Describe clot removal
Definition
Tissues form TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) which converts plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin dissolves fibrin and therefore the clot
Term
Thrombus
Definition
an abnl blood blot attached to a vessel wall
Term
Embolus
Definition
a free floating clot - a thrombus that breaks loose
Term
____ prevents clots and is most abundant in the lungs and liver
Definition
heparin
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