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Blood
lecture 1/310/12
84
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/31/2012

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Term
Blood consists of:
Definition
Ground Substance
Fibers
Cells
Term
Ground substance:
Definition
matrix plasma
Term
fibers:
Definition
fibrous proteins
Term
blood cells:
Definition
Erythrocytes-
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Term
Thrombocytes
Definition
platelets
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
WBC
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
RBCs
Term
RBCs Make up about __% of blood (hematocrit)
Definition
45%
Term
Buffy Coat:
Definition
Contains WBC and platelets
Makes up less than 1% of blood
Term
Blood makes up __% of body weight
Definition
8
Term
Blood functions:
Definition
Temp Regulation
Transportation
Protection
Term
% of Plasma in blood
Definition
55%
Term
Plasma/composition:
Definition
90% water with dissolved substances;
Proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Gases
Wastes
Hormones
Term
Plasma composition/proteins:
Definition
albumin, globulin, clotting proteins
Term
Platelets are:
Definition
cell fragments
Term
Only WBCs are
Definition
complete cells
Term
RBCs have no
Definition
nuclei or organelles
Term
Erythrocytes/special protein:
Definition
spectrin (Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein which is found in muscles, red blood cells, and red bloodcell precursors)
Term
Erythrocytes/characteristics
Definition
Biconcave shape
>97% hemoglobin (not counting water)
No mitochondria; ATP production is anaerobic;
dedicated to respiratory gas transport
Term
blood cell formation
Definition
Hematopoiesis
Term
Hematopoiesis occurs in:
Definition
in red bone marrow of
Axial skeleton
Pelvic girdles
proximal epiphyses;
humerus
femur
Term
Too few RBCs leads to
Definition
tissue hypoxia
Term
Too many RBCs
Definition
increases blood viscosity
Term
RBC production and destruction
Balance is dependent on:
Definition
Hormonal controls
Adequate supplies of oxygen,
iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
Term
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia
Term
Causes of hypoxia:
Definition
Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers
Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency)
Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes)
diet, exercise, genetics
Term
Erythropoiesis/Nutrients—
Definition
amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
Term
Erythropoiesis/Iron (Fe)
Definition
Stored in Hb (65%), the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Transported loosely bound to the protein transferrin
Term
Erythropoiesis/Vitamin B12 and folic acid
Definition
—necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division, flexibility of the cytoskelton
Term
RBC size:
Definition
~7.5 microns
Term
Life span of RBCs:
Definition
100–120 days
Term
Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in the
Definition
spleen
Term
Destruction of Erythrocytes/iron is
Definition
salvaged for reuse
Term
Destruction of Erythrocytes/Heme is:
Definition
degraded to yellow the pigment bilirubin
Liver secretes bilirubin (in bile) into the intestines
Term
Destruction of Erythrocytes/Globin is
Definition
metabolized into amino acids
Term
centrifuged blood has:
Definition
3 layers
Plasma (lightest)
Buffy coat (middle)
RBCs (heaviest)
Term
Leukocytes make up __% of total blood volume
Definition
<1
Term
diapedesis
Definition
the outward passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls.
Term
most of CO2 is transported in
Definition
plasma
Term
Leukocytosis:
Definition
WBC count over 11,000/mm3
Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
Term
megakaryocyte
Definition
a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting.
Term
positive chemotaxis
Definition
movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus
Term
Granulocytes are
Definition
a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.
Term
Agranulocytes are
Definition
a category of white blood cells characterised by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm.
Term
Granulocytes contained in blood and %:
Definition
Neutrophils (50 – 70%)
Eosinophils (2 – 4%)
Basophils (0.5 – 1%)
Term
Agranulocytes contained in blood and %:
Definition
Lymphocytes (25 – 45%)
Monocytes (3 – 8%)
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
oxygen concentrations fall below the level necessary to sustain life
Term
stages of RBC formation:
Definition
Hemocytoblast
Erythroblast
Normoblast
Ethrythoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
Term
Granulocytes/characteristics:
Definition
Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright’s stain
Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
Lobed nuclei
Phagocytic
Term
Granulocytes/Neutrophils/characteristics:
Definition
Most numerous WBCs
Polymorphonuclear (2-6 lobes)
Fine granules take up both acidic and basic dyes
Give the cytoplasm a lilac color
Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
Very phagocytic—“bacteria slayers”
Term
Granulocytes/Eosinophils/characteristics:
Definition
Red-staining, bilobed nuclei
Red to crimson, lysosome-like granules
Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized
Modulators of the immune response
Term
Granulocytes/Basophils/characteristics:
Definition
Rarest WBCs
Large, purplish-black granules contain histamine
Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites
Term
Agranulocytes/characteristics:
Definition
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
Term
Agranulocytes/lymphocytes/characteristics:
Definition
Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm
Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the blood
Crucial to immunity
Term
Leukemia
Definition
a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts". Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases.
Term
lymphocytes/two types:
Definition
T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
Term
Never let monkeys eat bananas NLMEB
Definition
mnemonic for concentrations of WBCs from high to low.
Term
Agranulocytes/monocytes/characteristics:
Definition
The largest leukocytes
Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages
Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
Term
Leukopoiesis
Definition
Production of WBCs
Term
interleukins
Definition
stimulate WBC production
Term
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are
Definition
secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hemopoietic stem cells, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell (usually white blood cells.
Term
platelets/characteristics
Definition
Small fragments of megakaryocytes
Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding such as:
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)
Term
Vascular Spasm
Definition
- Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessel
Term
triggers of vasoconstriction:
Definition
Direct injury
Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
Pain reflexes
Term
Platelet Plug Formation is a _______ feedback cycle
Definition
positive
Term
Platelet Plug Formation/mechanics
Definition
Stick to exposed collagen fibers with the help of von Willebrand factor, a plasma protein
Swell, become spiked and sticky, and release chemical messengers
ADP causes more platelets to stick and release their contents
Serotonin and thromboxane A2 enhance vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation
Term
coagulation is:
Definition
A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads
Term
Three phases of coagulation:
Definition
Prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes - joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
Term
extrinsic:
Definition
coming or operating from outside.
Term
O neg
Definition
universal donor
Term
AB positive
Definition
universal recipient
Term
Normal RBC count
Definition
4-6 million/mm3
Term
Normal WBC count
Definition
5-10K per mm3
Term
Normal range for hematocrit is
Definition
approximately 45% to 52% for men and 37% to 48% for women.
Term
Normal platelet count
Definition
150,000 to 400,000/ cmm
Term
NLMEB
Definition
NEUTROPHILS
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
Term
The granulocytes are:
Definition
Never Eat Bannanas
Term
Normal hemoglobin
Definition
14-20 grams/dcl
Term
each hemoglobin molecule can transport __ oxygen molecules. each RBC can hold _____ hemoglobin molecules
Definition
4
250 million
Term
Blood type is determined by:
Definition
glycoproteins present on the surface of erythrocytes.
Term
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when
Definition
an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus. (second time)
Term
Fetal hemoglobin has
Definition
a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin.
Term
Cytokinesis is
Definition
the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells.
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