Term
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Definition
Ground Substance
Fibers
Cells |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Erythrocytes-
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| RBCs Make up about __% of blood (hematocrit) |
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Definition
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Definition
Contains WBC and platelets
Makes up less than 1% of blood |
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| Blood makes up __% of body weight |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Temp Regulation
Transportation
Protection |
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Definition
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Definition
90% water with dissolved substances;
Proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Gases
Wastes
Hormones |
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Term
| Plasma composition/proteins: |
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Definition
| albumin, globulin, clotting proteins |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Erythrocytes/special protein: |
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Definition
| spectrin (Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein which is found in muscles, red blood cells, and red bloodcell precursors) |
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Term
| Erythrocytes/characteristics |
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Definition
Biconcave shape
>97% hemoglobin (not counting water)
No mitochondria; ATP production is anaerobic;
dedicated to respiratory gas transport |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
in red bone marrow of
Axial skeleton
Pelvic girdles
proximal epiphyses;
humerus
femur |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| increases blood viscosity |
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Term
RBC production and destruction
Balance is dependent on: |
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Definition
Hormonal controls
Adequate supplies of oxygen,
iron, amino acids, and B vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia |
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Term
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Definition
Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers
Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency)
Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes)
diet, exercise, genetics |
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Term
| Erythropoiesis/Nutrients— |
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Definition
| amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
Stored in Hb (65%), the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Transported loosely bound to the protein transferrin |
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Term
| Erythropoiesis/Vitamin B12 and folic acid |
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Definition
| —necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division, flexibility of the cytoskelton |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Destruction of Erythrocytes/iron is |
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Definition
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Term
| Destruction of Erythrocytes/Heme is: |
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Definition
degraded to yellow the pigment bilirubin
Liver secretes bilirubin (in bile) into the intestines |
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Term
| Destruction of Erythrocytes/Globin is |
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Definition
| metabolized into amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
3 layers
Plasma (lightest)
Buffy coat (middle)
RBCs (heaviest) |
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Term
| Leukocytes make up __% of total blood volume |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the outward passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls. |
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Term
| most of CO2 is transported in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
WBC count over 11,000/mm3
Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion |
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Term
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Definition
| a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting. |
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Definition
| movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus |
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Definition
| a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| a category of white blood cells characterised by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm. |
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Term
| Granulocytes contained in blood and %: |
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Definition
Neutrophils (50 – 70%)
Eosinophils (2 – 4%)
Basophils (0.5 – 1%) |
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Term
| Agranulocytes contained in blood and %: |
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Definition
Lymphocytes (25 – 45%)
Monocytes (3 – 8%) |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen concentrations fall below the level necessary to sustain life |
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Term
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Definition
Hemocytoblast
Erythroblast
Normoblast
Ethrythoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte |
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Term
| Granulocytes/characteristics: |
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Definition
Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright’s stain
Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
Lobed nuclei
Phagocytic |
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Term
| Granulocytes/Neutrophils/characteristics: |
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Definition
Most numerous WBCs
Polymorphonuclear (2-6 lobes)
Fine granules take up both acidic and basic dyes
Give the cytoplasm a lilac color
Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
Very phagocytic—“bacteria slayers” |
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| Granulocytes/Eosinophils/characteristics: |
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Definition
Red-staining, bilobed nuclei
Red to crimson, lysosome-like granules
Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized
Modulators of the immune response |
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Term
| Granulocytes/Basophils/characteristics: |
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Definition
Rarest WBCs
Large, purplish-black granules contain histamine
Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites |
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Term
| Agranulocytes/characteristics: |
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Definition
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei |
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Term
| Agranulocytes/lymphocytes/characteristics: |
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Definition
Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm
Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the blood
Crucial to immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts". Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies |
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Term
| Never let monkeys eat bananas NLMEB |
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Definition
| mnemonic for concentrations of WBCs from high to low. |
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Term
| Agranulocytes/monocytes/characteristics: |
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Definition
The largest leukocytes
Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages
Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are |
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Definition
| secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hemopoietic stem cells, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell (usually white blood cells. |
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Term
| platelets/characteristics |
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Definition
Small fragments of megakaryocytes
Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding such as:
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessel |
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Term
| triggers of vasoconstriction: |
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Definition
Direct injury
Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
Pain reflexes |
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Term
| Platelet Plug Formation is a _______ feedback cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Platelet Plug Formation/mechanics |
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Definition
Stick to exposed collagen fibers with the help of von Willebrand factor, a plasma protein
Swell, become spiked and sticky, and release chemical messengers
ADP causes more platelets to stick and release their contents
Serotonin and thromboxane A2 enhance vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation |
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Term
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Definition
A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads |
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Term
| Three phases of coagulation: |
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Definition
Prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes - joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh |
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Term
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Definition
| coming or operating from outside. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Normal range for hematocrit is |
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Definition
| approximately 45% to 52% for men and 37% to 48% for women. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
NEUTROPHILS
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| each hemoglobin molecule can transport __ oxygen molecules. each RBC can hold _____ hemoglobin molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood type is determined by: |
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Definition
| glycoproteins present on the surface of erythrocytes. |
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Term
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when |
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Definition
| an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus. (second time) |
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Term
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Definition
| a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. |
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