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Blood
Blood
46
Anatomy
Not Applicable
04/08/2005

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Term
what is only fluid tissue in human body?
Definition
blood
Term
what type of tissue is blood
Definition
connective tissue
Term
2 parts to blood
Definition
(1) living cells (formed elements) and (2) non-living matrix (plasma)
Term
hematocrit
Definition
percentage of erythrocytes (in total blood volume)--usually about 45 percent
Term
color of blood
Definition
oxygen rich is scarlet red and oxygen poor is dull red
Term
pH of blood should be
Definition
between 7.35-7.45
Term
blood plasma is 90 percent…
Definition
water
Term
dissolved substances in blood plasma (6)
Definition
"nutrients, salts (metal ions), respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, waste products"
Term
plasma proteins (3)
Definition
"(most abundant solute in plasma) albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies"
Term
albumin
Definition
regulates osmotic pressure (keeps water in bloodstream)
Term
clotting proteins
Definition
help stem blood loss when blood vessel is injured
Term
antibodies
Definition
help protect body from antigens
Term
formed elements
Definition
"erythrocytes (no nucleus); leukocytes, platelets (cell fragments)"
Term
function of RBCs
Definition
to carry oxygen
Term
anatomy of RBCs (4)
Definition
"biconcave disks; essentially bags of hemoglobin, no nucleus, contain very few organelles"
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
iron-containing protein that transports most of oxygen in blood (without having to use it)
Term
function of WBCs
Definition
crucial in body's defense against disease
Term
normal WBC levels
Definition
4000-11000 cells per mm
Term
leukopenia
Definition
abnormally low leukocyte level
Term
types of leukocytes (5)
Definition
"neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes"
Term
2 categories of WBCs
Definition
"granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)"
Term
neutrophils
Definition
multilobed nucleus with fine granules; act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Term
eosinophils
Definition
large brick-ret cytoplasmic granules; found in response to allergies and parasitic worms
Term
basophils
Definition
have histamine-containing granules; initiate inflammation
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
large nucleus; plays important role in immune response
Term
monocytes
Definition
largest of WBCs; function as macrophages (fighting invaders); important in fighting chronic infection
Term
platelets
Definition
derived from ruptured multinucleate cells; needed for clotting process
Term
normal platelet count
Definition
"300,000/mm3"
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow
Term
all blood cells are derived from a…
Definition
hemocytoblast (all blood cells derived from common stem cell)
Term
heocytoblasts from 2 types of descendants
Definition
lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes; myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements
Term
fate of erythorcytes (4)
Definition
"(1) unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins; (2) wear out in 100-120 days; (3) when worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver; (4) lost cells replaced by division of hemocytoblasts"
Term
hemostasis
Definition
clotting; stopping of blood flow (result of break in blood vessel)
Term
homeostasis
Definition
reaching equilibrium
Term
rate or RBC production controlled by what hormone?
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
what produces most erythorpoietin and why?
Definition
kidneys--as response to reduced O2 levels in blood
Term
3 phases in hemostasis
Definition
(1) platelet plug formation; (2) vascular spasms; (3) coagulation
Term
platelet plug formation
Definition
"collagen fibers exposed by break in blood, and platelets become ""sticky"" and cling to fibers, piling up to form platelet plug"
Term
vascular spasms
Definition
"platelets (in platelet plug) release serotonin which causes blood vessel muscles to spasm, narrowing the blood vessel and decreasing loss of blood"
Term
coagulation (5)
Definition
"(1) injured tissues release thromboplastin; (2) PF3 interacts with thromboplastin, other blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to form an activator that triggers the clotting cascade; (3) prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme); (4) thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin; (5) fibrin forms meshwork, which is basis for clot"
Term
undesirable clotting (2)
Definition
(1) thrombus--clot in unbroken blood vessel that can be deadlyi n areas like heart; (2) embolus--thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in bloodstream and can later clog vessels in areas such as brain
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
platelet deficiency
Term
hemophilia
Definition
hereditary; normal clotting factors missing
Term
ABO blood group determined how?
Definition
based on presence or absence of two antigens--Type A and Type B; lack of these antigens is type O
Term
Rh blood groups determined how?
Definition
named because of presence or absence of one of 8 Rh antigens (most Americans are Rh+)
Term
sites of fetal blood cell formation
Definition
fetal liver and spleen; bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by 7th month
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