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Blood Vessels, Lymphatic, Respiratory
Lecture
108
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/29/2012

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Term
tunica adventita
Definition
outermost layer of blood vessel
has collagen fibers for protection and anchoring
Term
tunica media
Definition
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
changes diameter of blood vessels
thicker in arteries than veins
Term
tunica intima
Definition
innermost layer
simple squamous (endothelium)
fits together like tiles to minimize blood friction
Term
lumen
Definition
central space in vessel
larger in vein than artery
Term
types of arteries
Definition
elastic, muscular, arterioles, and capillaries
Term
elastic arteries
Definition
thick walled arteries near heart
elastic with large diameter
expand and recoil to maintain pressure during systole
Term
muscular arteries
Definition
diameter 10mm-.3mm
follows elastic arteries as leave heart
smaller than in rest of the body
not stretchy, has muscle in tunica media
Term
arterioles
Definition
smaller .3mm-10micrometers
control blood flow to tissue
(blushing)
Term
capillaries
Definition
microscopic
only has the tunica intima
RBC's pass single file through this
continuous, sinusoidal, and fenestrated capillaries
Term
continuous capillaries
Definition
skin and muscles
most common
small gaps that allow fluid to leak through
uninterrupted lining of endothelial cells
Term
fenestrated capillaries
Definition
walls have pores
pores have very thin membrane
allows greater permeability of fluid/small molecules
found in areas of absorption (intestines)
Term
sinusoidal capillaries
Definition
very leaky
found in liver, bone marrow, lymph, and endocrine glands
have large holes for leakage
broken by large cells
slow blood flow
Term
veinules
Definition
like arterioles with unoxygenated blood
very porous to permit movement of WBC
Term
veins
Definition
contain back flow valves and are wider than arteries
Term
sources of resistance to blood flow
Definition
blood viscosity, blood vessel length, diameter
Term
blood viscosity
Definition
thicker the blood, greater the resistance
Term
vessel length
Definition
longer the length greater the resistance
length greatest at exit of heart
Term
vessel diameter
Definition
fluid at walls encounters most resistance
smaller vessels have more resistance because of contact with the sides (capillaries)
Term
arterial blood pressure
Definition
depends on how much arteries can be stretched
volume of blood being forced through it
Term
blood pressure during diastole
Definition
semilunar valves close to prevent backflow
elastic arteries recoil to maintain pressure on blood
volume of blood lessens
Term
artery Blood pressure values
Definition
systolic aorta 120mm Hg
minimum aorta 70-80 mm Hg
arterioles 60 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg
capillaries drops to 20 mm Hg
Term
vein blood pressure
Definition
constant pressure about 20 mm Hg
inhaling squeezes abdominal vessels and forces blood to heart while thoracic cavity drops in pressure pulling blood up
skeletal muscles contract to milk blood to heart
valves prevent backflow
Term
ways to vary blood pressure
Definition
cardiac output
peripheral resistance (diameter)
blood volume
Term
neural control of peripheral resistance
Definition
alter blood distribution among organs
alter vessel diameter
Term
control centers for peripheral resistance
Definition
vasomotor center
baroreceptor
chemoreceptor
Term
vasomotor center
Definition
located in medulla
controls diameter of BV
transmits AP's to smooth muscles of arterioles
muscles are always in light state of constriction
Term
baroreceptor
Definition
pressure receptor in internal carotid, aorta, and elastic arteries
increased pressure sends message to vasomotor center
protects against rapid changes in blood pressure
Term
chemoreceptor
Definition
when O2, CO2 rise and pH decreases
chemoreceptor in aortic arch sends AP to vasomotor center to cause vasoconstriction
sends more blood to heart and lungs
Term
chemical modification of peripheral resistance
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
angiotensin II
antidiuretic hormone
nitric oxide
alcohol
Term
epinephrine/norepinephrine
Definition
secreted by adrenal medulla (flight/fight response)
increases cardiac output
vasoconstriction in arterioles
vasodilation in large veins, cardiac, and skeletal muscle
overall increase in BP
Term
angiotensin II
Definition
causes vasoconstriction in arterioles
increases BP
Term
antidiuretic hormone
Definition
stimulates kidneys to conserve water
increases blood volume
causes vasoconstriction in arterioles
Term
nitric oxide
Definition
vasodilation
short lived
response to high blood flow rate
Term
alcohol
Definition
drop in BP
inhibits antidiuretic hormone release
depresses vasomotor center
causes vasodilation
Term
lymphatic system function
Definition
house phagocytic cells and lymphnodes
defense and disease resistance
collect excess water and proteins from extracellular fluid
transports fats from GI to blood
cleanses blood of trash blood cells
Term
lymph tissues
Definition
lymph vessels
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
tonsils
Term
lymph vessels
Definition
random system of small thin walled vessels
drains excess intercellular fluid, returns to circulatory
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
bean shaped organs along vessels 1-25mm in diameter
full of phagocytic cells
concentrated in armpit, neck, groin, intestine
contains T cells, B cells, and macrophages
unidirectional flow permits filtration
Term
spleen
Definition
fist sized,purple, below diaphragm on left side
phagocytizes RBC, WBC, microbes, toxins, and debris
removes and stores iron from hemoglobin for recycling
produces RBC in fetus
stores RBC, platelets, and monocytes
Term
thymus gland
Definition
two lobes in thoracic cavity
two layers, cortex and medulla
reaches max size 10-12 years old (shrinks after)
Term
tonsils
Definition
four sets
palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, tubal
capture pathogens and phagocytize foreign substances
Term
immune system defenses
Definition
nonspecific disease resistance
and immunity
Term
nonspecific disease resistance
Definition
skin an mucous membranes
antimicrobial substances
Term
skin and mucous membrane (mechanical)
Definition
nonspecific disease resistance
first line of mechanical defense
epidermis, mucus membranes, lacrymal apparatus, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions
Term
skin and mucous membrane (chemical)
Definition
sebaceous glands, perspiration, gastric juice
Term
epidermis
Definition
physical barrier that continuously sheds to remove bacteria and fungi
Term
mucus membrane
Definition
lines body cavity with mucus to trap microbes and foreign particles
ciliated cells trap particles and sweep toward surface
Term
lacrimal apparatus
Definition
lubricates eyes, and prevents microbes from establishing residence on the eye
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
oil contains unsaturated fatty acids that retard bacterial growth
Term
perspiration
Definition
flushes bacteria from skin
contains lysozyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls
found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions
Term
gastric juice
Definition
1.2-3.0 pH is acidic and destroys bacteria
Term
antimicrobial substances
Definition
interferons, complement system, natural killer cells, phagocytosis
Term
interferons
Definition
produced by cells infected with virus
produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
stimulates uninfected cells to make antiviral proteins to interfere with viral replication
Term
complement system
Definition
20 proteins that are normally inactive
enhances immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions when activated
Term
natural killer cells
Definition
lymphocytes that destroy intruding microbes and some tumor cells
found in spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow and blood
needs direct contact to make bacteria leaky
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
neutrophils, macrophages (develop from monocytes)
Term
mechanism of phagocytosis
Definition
chemotaxis for phagocyte to location (bacteria or damaged cell)
adheres, ingests (endocytosis), digests (lysosome with H2O2)
Term
immunity
Definition
ability to defend against specific invaders
has memory for antigens encountered
uses T and B cells that develop distinctive peripheral proteins that are antigen receptors
Term
T/B cells peripheral proteins
Definition
antigen receptors recognize antigens
T cells develop into CD4+ or CD8+
have a protein int he membrane called that
Term
antigens
Definition
have ability to stimulate immune response by producing antibodies or making specific T cells
Term
antigen determinant
Definition
specific region of antigen that triggers immune response
body recognizes and bonds to one billion different antigenic determinants
Term
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Definition
everyone has a unique one
helps recognize foreign antigens
two types:MHCI and MHCII
Term
MHCI
Definition
built into the cell membrane of all body cells except RBC
Term
MHCII
Definition
only appear on surface of antigen presenting cells
cells of the thymus or T cells that have been activated by antigens
Term
antigen processing cells
Definition
APC (antigen presenting cell, macrophage, B cell, and dendritic) located in skin, respiratory, GI
Term
antigen processing
Definition
ingestion of antigen by WBC-phagocytosis
digestion into peptide fragments
MHCII molecules produced
MHCII mixed with antigen peptide fragments
MHCII binds to antigen peptide fragments
antigen/MHCII complex embedded into plasma membrane
APC migrates to lymphatic system and gives antigen to T cell
T cell recognizes and binds to antigen MHCII complex
T cell initiates immune response
Term
antibody mediated immune responses
Definition
system that works against dissolved antigens
B cells transform into plasma cells
Term
plasma cells
Definition
make antibodies
found in marrow and lymph nodes
lives 4-5 days
Term
antibodies
Definition
bind to antigenic determinant on antigen
glycoprotein
made of 4 polypeptide chains
Term
polypeptide chains and antibodies
Definition
2 heavy chains with 450 AA and carbs
2 light chains with 220 AA
each antibody has 2 variable regions for antigen binding sites
Term
antibody function
Definition
neutralize antigens, immobilizes bacteria, agglutination and precipitation of antigen
activation of complement system
enhances phagocytosis
fetal immunity
Term
cell mediated immune response
Definition
involves CD8+ cells developing into killer T-cells
effective against, some cancer, foreign tissue transplants
activation of small # of T cells then proliferates, attacks and eliminates antigen
Term
cell mediated immune response activation
Definition
first signal-antigen receptor on Tcell recognizes and binds to antigen fragments presented by MHCII
second signal-molecules on surface of T cell and on APC cause cells to bind to each other
Term
types of T cells
Definition
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
supressor T cells
memory T cells
Term
Helper T cells
Definition
function to stimulate proliferation of other T and B cells that are already bound to antigens
Term
cytotoxic T cells
Definition
only T cells that directly attack other cells
look for specific antigens
Term
supressor T cells
Definition
regulatory
suppresses T and B cell activity
Term
memory T cells
Definition
recognizes original invading antigen
permits faster response in future
Term
three respiratory processes
Definition
pulmonary ventilation-between atm and lungs
external respiration-between lungs and blood
internal respiration-between blood and cells
Term
anatomy of respiratory
Definition
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
contains hair and mucus to trap debris
highly vascular
warms moistens and filters air
contains receptors for sense of smell
nasolacrimal duct that opens to nasal cavity
Term
pharynx
Definition
common passageway for food and air
connected to internal passageway through internal nares and oral cavity
three sections:naso, oro, and laryngo-pharynx
Term
larynx
Definition
connects pharynx and trachea
major parts: epiglottis and thyroid cartilage (outer surface of larynx)
Term
trachea
Definition
tube from larynx to lungs
at base splits into left and right bronchii
anterior to esophagus
cilia lined cells
Term
bronchi and bronchioles
Definition
connects trachea and alveoli
first branch is primary bronchi, then second and third
bronchi have cartilage rings
bronchioles lack cartilage rings
Term
lungs
Definition
connected to body at hilus(pulmonary vein, artery and primary bronchi)
covered in pulmonary pleura (fluid is lubricant)
inside parietal pleura-sack for lungs
350 million alveoli-has simple squamous epithelium and surfactant
Term
pulmonary ventilation
Definition
inspiration and expiration
Term
inspiration
Definition
air pressure in lungs is < atm pressure
increase lung volume to achieve (boyles law)
lungs pulled down by contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Term
expiration
Definition
caused by reverse pressure gradient
passive
muscles relax
Term
daltons law
Definition
each gas in a mix exerts its own pressure as if all the other ones werent present
Term
henrys law
Definition
quantity of gas that will dissolve in liquid is proportional to partial pressure and solubility of the gas at constant temp
Term
external respiration
Definition
o2 diffuses into blood while co2 diffuses out of blood
rate depends on: partial pressure difference of gases, surface area of gas exchange, diffusion distance, solubility and molecular weight of gas
Term
o2 and co2 transport
Definition
o2 not very water soluble (1.5% in plasma, rest in hemoglobin)
20ml o2 per 100ml blood
carried in form of oxyhemoglobin
positive relationship between partial pressure and percent sat of hemoglobin
Term
o2 affinity for blood
Definition
based on acidity (low pH lowers affinity), partial pressure o2, and co2 (b/c of carbonic acid), temperature (high temp dumps o2) and BPG (promotes o2 unloading)
Term
BPG
Definition
fever, testosterone, epinephrine stimulate BPG
Term
co2 transport
Definition
55mlco2/100ml blood
dissolved in plasma, carbaminohemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
Term
respiration control
Definition
based in medulla oblongata and pons
has three areas: medullary rhythmicity areas, expiratory area, pneumonic area
Term
medullary rhythmicity area
Definition
has inspiratory area
inactive at beginning of expiration (~3 sec)
result from autorhythmic cells
AP lasts 2 seconds and sent to inspiratory muscles, which contract
2 seconds later, respiratory muscles relax
Term
expiratory area
Definition
inactive during most normal expirations
labored breathing stimulates AP's that causes contraction of intercostals
decreases thoracic volume pushing air out
Term
pneumonic area
Definition
located in pons
coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration
transmits inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area
prevents lungs from becoming too full
Term
apneustic area
Definition
also in pons
coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration
sends impulses for prolonged inspiration
overridden by pneumonic area
Term
regulation of respiratory center
Definition
cortical and chemical regulation
also changes due to movement
Term
cortical effects
Definition
cerebral cortex connects to respiratory center
allows for voluntary prevention of breathing
limited by buildup of co2 and H+
H+ buildup causes Ap to be sent to respiratory muscles to cause inspiration
Term
chemical regulation
Definition
chemical cues determine how fast and deeply we breathe
chemoreceptors monitor levels of o2 and co2
central and peripheral chemo receptors
hypercapnia and hypocapnia
Term
chemical regulation
Definition
chemical cues determine how fast and deeply we breathe
chemoreceptors monitor levels of o2 and co2
central and peripheral chemo receptors
hypercapnia and hypocapnia
Term
hypercapnia
Definition
occurs when slight increase in partial pressure of co2 stimulates central chemoreceptor
Term
hypocapnia
Definition
occurs when decrease in partial pressure of co2
Term
proprioreceptors
(neural changes due to movement)
Definition
s\
monitor movements in joints and muscles
stimulate inspiration as a result of movement
anticipates need for o2
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