Term
| Erythrocyte with an oval-shaped central pallor |
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Definition
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Term
| Darkly staining red cells with reduced or no central pallor; not easily detected except in dogs; suggest IMHA |
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Definition
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Term
| Erythrocytes with one or more surface projections |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC fragments; usually from shearing of the red cell by intravascular trauma; DIC |
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Definition
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Term
| A grouping of erythrocytes in stacks; seen with increased fibrinogen or globulin |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC that exhibit a bluish tint when stained with Wright's stain; organelles remain in cytoplasm indicating young cells |
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Definition
| Polychromasia/Polychromatophilic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cells released into circulation early during anemia; normal in non-mammalian animals |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you tell if an animal is dehydrated on a CBC |
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Definition
| Increased PCV and a normal RBC |
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Term
| What are the red blood cell parameters |
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Definition
PCV
RBC
Hemoglobin determination
Red cell morphology on blood film |
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Term
| RBC's with a smaller than normal diameter and decreased MCV; seen in iron deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| Decreased staining intensity due to insufficient hemoglobin; usually seen with iron deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| Tear-shaped RBC that disrupts the bone marrow architecture |
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Definition
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Term
| Basophilic nuclear remnants seen in young erythrocytes in response to anemia; removed by spleen |
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Definition
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Term
| Round structures representing denatured hemoglobin caused by certain oxidant drugs/chemicals; up to 5% normal in cats |
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Definition
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Term
| A dead cell where the outside remains visible but the nucleus and cytoplasmic structures are not stainable |
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Definition
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Term
| An antibody coats the erythrocyte causing bridging and clumping |
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Definition
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Term
| A variation in the size of RBC, may be due to the presence of macrocytes, microcytes or both |
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Definition
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Term
| Discoid-shaped RBC, seen normally in dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| Spiculated cells with numerous short, evenly spaced, blunt to sharp surface projections with uniform size and shape |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC changes from a disc shape to spheres with projections; Result of pH change due to slow drying of blood films |
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Definition
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Term
| Presence of small, dark-blue bodies within the erythrocyte; observed in cells containing residual RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC's that are larger than normal with an increased MCV; usually reticulocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Formula to find the RBC estimate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
6 - 7 million
Or
6 x 10 to the 6th - 7 x 10 to the 7th |
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Term
| Irregular, spiculated red cells with few unevenly distributed surface projections of various length and diameter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Formula to find the hemoglobin estimate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is included in a CBC |
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Definition
RBC
WBC
Differential cell count
Hematocrit (HTC, PCV)
Total protein |
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Term
| Functions of blood in the circulatory system? |
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Definition
Transport o2 and co2
Transport nutrients and waste
Controls h2o content and ph
Maintains normal body temperature
Hormones
Immunity
Coagulation |
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Term
| What is a nucleated RBC called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where Do RBC and WBC originate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Blood loss (trauma, HBC)
Hemolysis (autoimmune dz)
Lack of production |
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Term
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Definition
| Avg Amt of hemoglobin in red blood cells |
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Term
| What is the most important cause of anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Avg size of red blood cell |
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Term
| Thin erythrocytes with increased membrane or decreased volume |
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Definition
| Target Cell/Leptocyte/Codocyte |
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Term
| What is the formula for the observed retic count? |
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Definition
# of retics counted / 1000, then multiply by 10.
Put # in percentage |
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Term
| What is the formula for the corrected retic count? |
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Definition
| Observed retic count X patient's PCV / Normal PCV |
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Term
| What is the formula for the absolute retic count? |
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Definition
| The observed retic count (before it was changed to a percentage) X the total RBC count |
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Term
| What are the types of retics that felines have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between aggregate and punctate cells? |
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Definition
Aggregates are younger cells
Punctates are older cells |
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Term
| Which type of cells are not counted during a feline retic count? |
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Definition
| Punctate cells (less than 5 reticulum) |
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Term
| How long do punctate retics circulate for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which retics are counted for canines? |
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Definition
| Both aggregates and punctates. |
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Term
| What is the dry method of counting retics? |
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Definition
Incubate equal parts blood and NMB
Tap gently to mix, let incubate for 25 mins
Make push smear out of the mix (make it thicker) |
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Term
| What is the wet method of counting retics? |
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Definition
Make coverslip smear
Place drop of NMB on slide
Place coverslip smear blood side down on top of the NMB
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Term
| Which method is preferred for counting retics and why? |
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Definition
| Dry method because the wet method makes it harder to see aggrgates and punctates |
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Term
| Why do you want to count retics? |
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Definition
| To find out if our patient's anemia is regenerative or non-regenerative and if the patient's body is responding to the anemia or if treatment is working. |
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Term
| After doing a retic count, how do you know if the patient is regenerative or nonregenerative? |
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Definition
| If the absolute count is over 100,000 then the patient is regenerative. |
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Term
| What else can you see on a NMB stain? |
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Definition
| Heinz bodies, WBC's, sometimes platelets |
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Term
| If the patient's NMB slide shows regeneration by seeing retics, what signs should the Dif Quik slide be showing? |
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Definition
PAHN
Polychromasia
Anisocytosis
Heinz Bodies
NRBCs |
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Term
| What speices does not have retics in their peripheral blood? Why? |
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Definition
| Horses; bc their retics are fully mature in their bone marrow and mature cells are sent into peripheral blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of size morphologies? |
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Definition
Normocytic
Anisocytosis
Macrocytic
Microcytic |
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Term
| What are examples of shape morphologies? |
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Definition
Normocytic
Poikilocytic
Specific names of shapes seen |
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Term
| What are examples of color morphologies? |
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Definition
Normochromic
Polychromasia
Hypochromasia |
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Term
What is Rouleaux?
What is it seen in? |
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Definition
- An arrangement
- Coin-like stacking of cells
- Seen in horses due to increased protein levels / fibrinogen (stickiness) of blood
- Also seen in cats around thicker areas of the blood smear
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Term
What is agglutination?
What is it seen in? |
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Definition
- An arrangement
- A clumping of blood cells
- Seen in autoimmune cases
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Term
| What are examples of inclusions? |
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Definition
- Nucleated RBC's (nRBC)
- Howell Jolly Bodies
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a feline RBC? |
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Definition
- No central pallor (solid)
- 5 microns in size
- "M & M's"
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a canine RBC? |
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Definition
- Have a central zone of pallor
- 6-7 microns in size
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Term
| Characteristics of Acanthocytes |
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Definition
- spiculated
- irregular projections
- seen with liver and spleen issues
- also seen in hemangiosarcomas
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Term
| Characteristics of Echinocytes |
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Definition
- EVEN, regular shaped projections
- seen in rattlesnake bites or lymphosarcoma
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Term
| Characteristics of Leptocytes/Codocytes |
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Definition
- dark dot or dark line in middle of cell
- classed as Target or Barr cells
- seen with liver disease, iron deficiency, and regenerative anemias
- Target cells can be seen in normal animals
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Term
| Characteristics of Stomatocytes |
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Definition
- "mouth cells"
- folding cell (because they are losing the ability to carry oxygen)
- clear line in the middle
- often seen with hypochromic cells
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Term
| Characteristics of Dacrocytes |
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Definition
- tear drop shaped
- sometimes seen with myelofibrosis
- if all tear drops are pointing the same way = human error
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Term
| Characteristics of Spherocytes |
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Definition
- dense
- small
- dark
- lacking central pallor
- indicator of IMHA
- Needs to be quantitated with %
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Term
| Characteristics of Schistocytes |
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Definition
- fragments of RBC's
- have been damaged/sliced into pieces
- seen in DIC, hemangiosarcomas, and HW disease
- quantitate with %
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Term
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Definition
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder where protiens that control clotting are abnormally active. Protiens in blood are not clotting properly. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Ghost cells |
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Definition
- devoid of hemoglobin
- basically just the cell membrane
- can be difficult to see
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Term
| Characteristics of Heinz Bodies |
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Definition
- areas of denatured hemoglobin
- due to an oxidative injury
- seen in Tylenol toxicities, onions, sardines, garlic
- quantitate and put in a %
- need to be stained with NMB for confirmation
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Term
| To confirm that you are seeing Heinz Bodies, what do you need to stain your slide with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 cells need to be quantitated in percentages? |
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Definition
- Heinz Bodies
- Schistoctyes
- Spherocytes
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Term
| Characteristics of Howell Jolly Bodies |
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Definition
- nuclear remnants inside the RBC
- (bits of nucleas remained in the cell)
- seen when cells have been rushed out of bone marrow into circulation
- sign of regeneration and also lead poisoning
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Term
| Characteristics of nRBC's/Metarubricytes |
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Definition
- nucleus still inside RBC
- sign of regeneration
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Term
| Characteristic of Crenation/Crenated cells |
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Definition
- caused by slow drying of the slides
- blood sat in EDTA tube for too long
- human error
- Do not confuse with Echinocytes - Echinocytes will be everywhere on the slide, not just in some areas
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Term
| Four most common signs of Regenerative Anemia? |
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Definition
- Polychromasia
- Anisocytosis
- Howell Jolly Bodies
- Nucleated RBC's
P.A.H.N |
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Term
| What is the best indicator for regenerative anemias? |
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Definition
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Term
| List ways to quantitate cells: |
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Definition
Slight: +, 1-10%
Moderate: ++, 11-50%
Marked: +++, 50-100% |
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Term
| What speices has the smallest RBC's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are big and blue cells indicative of? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you can't remember what disease process goes with what cell, what disease should you guess? |
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Definition
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