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Blood Histology and Heart Lab
Blood Histology and Heart Lab
92
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/12/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Axial
Definition

relating to head, neck, and trunk

the axis of the body

 

Term
appendicular
Definition
relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis of the body
Term
abdominal
Definition

pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs

 

Term
acromial
Definition
pertaining to the point of the shoulder
Term
anterbrachial
Definition
pertaining to the forearm
Term
antecubital
Definition
pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow
Term
axillary
Definition
pertaining to the armpit
Term
brachial
Definition
pertaining to the arm
Term
buccal
Definition
pertaining to the cheek
Term
carpal
Definition

wrist

 

Term
cervical
Definition
neck region
Term
coxal
Definition
hip
Term
crural
Definition
leg
Term
digital
Definition
fingers/toes
Term
fibular (peroneal)
Definition
side of the leg
Term
frontal
Definition
forehead
Term
hallux
Definition
big toe
Term
inguinal
Definition
groin
Term
mental
Definition
chin
Term
oral
Definition
mouth
Term
orbital
Definition
eye socket
Term
patellar
Definition
anterior knee
Term
pollex
Definition
thumb
Term
tarsal
Definition
ankle
Term
calcaneal
Definition
heel of foot
Term
cephalic
Definition
pertaining to head
Term
dorsum
Definition
pertaining to the back
Term
lumbar
Definition

area of back between the ribs and hips

the loin

Term
manus
Definition
posterior of the hand
Term
olecranal
Definition
posterior aspect of elbow
Term
otic
Definition
ear
Term
perineal
Definition
the region between the anus and external genitalia
Term
popliteal
Definition
back of the knee
Term
sacral
Definition
region between the hips
Term
sural
Definition
back of calf or posterior surface of leg
Term
superior
Definition
above
Term
inferior
Definition
below
Term
anterior
Definition
front
Term
posterior
Definition
back
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline or median plane
Term

cephalad

cranial

 

Definition
toward the head
Term
caudal
Definition
toward the tail
Term
dorsal
Definition
backside
Term
ventral
Definition
belly side
Term
proximal
Definition
nearer the trunk or attached end
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the trunk or point of attachemnt
Term

superficial

external

Definition
toward or at the body surface
Term

internal

deep

Definition
away from the body surface
Term
saggital plane
Definition
plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts 
Term
median plane
Definition
plane that divides the body into equal parts, right down the middle of the body
Term
frontal plane
Definition

(coronal plane)

a longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Term
transverse plane
Definition
runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Term
skeletal system
Definition

Major component organs: bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints

 

Function: body support, protection of internal organs, provides levers for muscular action, cavities provides a site for blood cell formation

Term
muscular system
Definition

Major component organs: Muscles attached to the skeleton

 

Function: to contract or shorten; allow locomotion, grasping and manipulation of environment, and facial expressions, also generates heat

Term
nervous system
Definition

Major component organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

 

Function: allows body to detect changes in internal and external environment and responds to such info, helps maintain homeostasis 

Term

endocrine system

 

Definition

Major component organs: pitutary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas

 

Function: helps maintain homeostasis, promotes growth and development, produces chemical messengers

Term

ribosomes

 

Definition

composed of RNA and protein

actual sites of protein synthesis

floating free or attached to a membrane structure (rough ER) in cytoplasm

Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Definition

studded with ribosomes

provide an area for storage and transportation of the proteins made on the ribosomes

external face synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol

Term
smooth ER
Definition

has no function in protein synthesis

a site of steroid and lipid synthesis

Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles; found close to nucleus; plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from cell or incorporation into plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzymes
Term
lysosomes
Definition

contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)

function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell

have the capacity of total cell destruction

 

Term
peroxisomes
Definition
small lysosome like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
Term
mitochondria
Definition

rod shaped bodies with a double membraned wall

inner membrane is in folds (cristae)

contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce ATP

"powerhouse of cell"

Term
centrioles
Definition

paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other

close to nucleus

direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

form the bases of cilia and flagella

Term
microfilaments
Definition

formed largely of actin

important in cell mobility

Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells
Term
microtubules
Definition
form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape
Term
histology
Definition
the study of tissues
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition

covers surfaces and lines cavities and tubules

FUNCTIONS INCLUDE: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion

Term
connective tissue
Definition

located all throughout the body, it is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types

FUNCTION: primarily protects, supports, and binds together other body tissues

Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition

located in the brain and spinal cord

FUNCTION: transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control their activity

Term
Muscular Tissue
Definition

located in the heart, meat or flesh of body, walls of hollow organs

FUNCTION: produces body movement, propels blood throughout body, propels substances along internal passageways

Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition

D: single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm (simplest ep.)

F: allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection isnt important; secretes lubricating substances in serose

L: kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; heart lining; blood vessels; lymph vessels

Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition

D: single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical nuclei

F: secretion and absorption

L: kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

Term
simple columnar epithelium
Definition

D: single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some bear cilia; may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

F: absorption, mucus secretion, enzymes, and other substances

L: noncilliated- lines most of digestive tract

ciliated- lines small bronchi, uterine tubes

Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition

D: single layer of cells differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia

F: secretion (mucus), propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

L: non-cil- in male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands;

ciliated- lines trachea, most of upper respiratory tract

Term
stratified squamous epithelium
Definition

D: thick membrane composed of several cell layer; surface cells are full of kertin and dead

F: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

L: non-k: forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagine

k: epidermis of skin

Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition

D: generally two layers of cubelike cells

F: protection

L: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

Term
stratified columnar epithelium
Definition

D: several cell layers; basal usually cuboidal; superficial usually elongated

F: protection, secretion

L: rare in body, small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

Term
transitional epithelium
Definition

D: resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal are cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like

F: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

L: lines ureters, bladder, and part of urethra 

Term
mesenchyme
Definition

D: embryonic CT; gel-like ground substance containing fibers

F: gives rise to all other CT types

L: primarily in embryo

Term
areolar (loose) CT
Definition

D: gel-like matrix with all three fiber types

contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, some WBC

F: wraps and cushions organs; macrophages phagocytize bacteria; inflammation response; holds and conveys tissue

L: under epithelia of body, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

Term

adipose tissue

(Loose CT)

Definition

D: matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes (fat cells), nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet

F: provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

L: under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

Term
reticular CT (loose)
Definition

D: network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on network

F: fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including WBC, mast cells, and macrophages

L: lymphoid organs

Term
dense regular CT
Definition

D: primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers; major cell type is fibroblast

F: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones

L: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

Term
dense irregular CT
Definition

D: primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic' major cell type is fibroblast

F: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strength

L: dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and joins

Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition

D: amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature chondrocytes lie in matrix

F: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

L: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of ribs; cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx

Term
elastic cartilage
Definition

D: more elastic fibers in matrix than hyaline

F: maintains shape of a structure while allowing flexibilty

D: external ear, epiglottis

Term
fibrocartilage
Definition

D: matrix similar to but less firm than hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

F: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

L: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

Term
bone (osseous tissue)
Definition

D: hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunar

very well vascularized

F: supports and protects; provides levers for muscles; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow is site for blood cell formation

L: bones

Term
blood
Definition

D: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix

F: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

L: contained within blood vessels

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