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Pulmonary and systemic
also coronary circuit |
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| blood, which goes to the pulmonary circuit, leaves through the pulmonary artery into the lungs |
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| Blood is the body's only.. |
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fluid tissue
blood is connective tissue |
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| liquid plasma, and formed elements |
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Term
| Formed elements of blood include |
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Definition
Erythrocytes, or RBCS (iron increases density, which seperates them from WBCS)
Leukocytes or WBCS
Platelets |
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Definition
| the percentage of RBCs out of total blood volume |
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5-6 L for males
4-5 L for females |
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Scarlet (oxygen rich)
Dark red (oxygen poor) |
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| Why do veins appear blue? |
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Definition
Scattering and absorption characteristics of skin at different wavelengths of light
oxygenation state of blood
diameter and depth of the vessel
visual perception process |
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Definition
Distribution
regulation
protection |
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Oxygen and nutrients
metabolic wastes
hormones |
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Definition
Temp
PH using buffer systems
Adequate fluid volume in circulatory system |
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| Blood protects against blood loss by.. |
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Definition
Activating plasma proteins and platelets
initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken |
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| Blood protects against infection by |
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Definition
Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies
activating complement proteins
activating WBS |
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| Blood plasma contains over 100 solutes..including |
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Definition
proteins - e.g alubumin, others
non protein nitrogenous substances -urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts
organic nutrients - glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins
electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate,
respiratory gases
hormones |
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| Plasma protein albumin! 60% |
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Definition
Carrier protein
buffer
prime regularity of osmolarity
extreme malnutrition, loss of protein |
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Definition
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nuclei, or organelles
they are only little bags of hemoglobin |
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Definition
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| Lifespan of formed elements |
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Definition
a few days, RBS a little longer
most do not divide |
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| All formed elements derive from what cells |
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Definition
hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
process called hematopoiesis |
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Definition
Biconcave discs
highly flexible plasma membrane
allows them to change shape as necessary when moving through capillaries |
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Definition
Composed of 4 globin structures
Each a heme group
Represents a quandary structure
Heme group contains iron, which oxygen binds to |
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Definition
start with a hemocytoblast
development consists of 3 major events:
ribosome synthesis to make hemoglobin
Hemoglobin accumulation cell fills up with hemoglobin till it squeezes nucleus out
ejection of nucleus 3rd phase
reticulocyte forms later turning into a RBC |
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| How long does it take to make RBCS? |
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Definition
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| The production of RBCs depends on |
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Definition
| adequate supplies of Iron, amino acids, and B vitamins, B12 and folic acids |
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| Fate and destruction of RBCS |
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Definition
life span 100 - 120 days
old RBCS become rigid and fragile
HB begins to degenerate, iron is savalaged for reuse |
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| Heme group is converted to |
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Definition
| bilirubin > bile > stercobillin |
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| Due to blood loss, infections (yellow fever, Ebola) |
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Definition
| Transfusion mismatch, infection (tetanus, small pox) |
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Definition
| Destruction of Red bone marrow |
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Iron deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia - intrinsic factor caused by B12 deficiency
Certain glands in stomach can't absorb right |
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Definition
| excess RBCS that increase blood viscosity |
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| Polycethemia is caused by.. |
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Definition
Polcythemia vera - bone marrow proliferative disorder, hematocrit of up to 80% and doubling of blood volume
altitude
blood doping |
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Definition
Malaria - 600 million new cases every year
3 million deaths/year |
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less numerous than RBCS 1%
can leave capillaries into extra cellular spaces |
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| Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
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| what do the types of WBCS do? |
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Neutrophils -> phagocytize
Eosinophil - > deal with infection
Basophile - > deal with allergic reaction
Lymphocytes -> produce antibodies
monocytes -> become macro phages when they leave the circulatory system |
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Definition
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| formation of WBCs is stimulated by |
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Definition
interleukins
colony stimulating factors |
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Leukemia
bone marrow becomes totally occupied with cancerous leaukocytes
wbcs not functional |
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Definition
infectious mononucleosis
epstein barr virus- increased agranulocytes
leaishmaniasis- parasites of macrophages (eats it from the inside out) |
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Definition
| fragments of megarkaryocytes |
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Definition
forming a temporary plug that helps seals breaks in blood vessels
platelets stick together, and release chemicals to initiate clotting |
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Term
Hemostasis
A series of reactions designed to stop bleeding
During hemostasis, three phases occur in rapid sequence |
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Definition
• Vascular spasms – immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury
• Platelet plug formation
• Coagulation (blood clotting) |
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Term
Platelet Plug Formation
Upon damage to blood vessel endothelium (which exposes collagen) platelets |
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Definition
• Stick to exposed collagen fibers and form a platelet plug
• Release serotonin for spasm and ADP, which attracts more platelets
The platelet plug is limited to the immediate area of injury by NO and PGI2 (prostacyclin) - inhibits aggregation |
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Term
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Definition
A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Over 30 substances involved! |
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Definition
A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Over 30 substances involved! |
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| Final 3 steps of cogulation |
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Definition
The final 3 steps of this series of reactions are:
• Prothrombin activator (an enzyme) is formed
• Prothrombin converted into thrombin (another activated enzyme)
• Thrombin catalyzes the joining of soluble fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh – the mesh traps blood cells and temporarily seals the tear in the vessel |
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Term
| Clot retraction and Repair |
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Definition
Clot retraction – stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from the fibrin strands
• Platelets contain actin and myosin
Occurs within 30-60 min
Repair:
• Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates rebuilding of blood vessel wall |
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Definition
| removal of unneeded clots after healing has occurred - enzyme plasmin |
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| Two homeostatic mechanisms prevent clots from becoming large: |
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Definition
• Swift removal of clotting factors
• Inhibition of activated clotting factors
Anticoagulants, such as heparin from basophils, also inhibit thrombin activity |
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Term
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Definition
a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
•May block circulation, resulting in tissue death
• DVT |
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Term
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Definition
a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream – may cause an embolism
•Pulmonary emboli can impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
•Cerebral emboli can cause strokes |
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Term
| Hemostasis Disorders: Bleeding Disorders |
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Definition
Thrombocytopenia – condition where the number of circulating platelets is deficient
Impaired liver function – reduced production of clotting factors - Vitamin K deficiency
Hemophilias – hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors |
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Definition
| RBC membranes have glycoprotein antigens on their external surfaces |
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Definition
•Unique to the individual
•Recognized as foreign (“non-self”) if transfused into another individual
• Promoters of agglutination (clumping) and are referred to as agglutinogens
Presence or absence of these antigens is used to classify blood groups |
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Term
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Definition
Humans have 30 varieties of naturally occurring RBC antigens
The antigens of the ABO and Rh blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions when they are improperly transfused |
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Term
| Bad transfusion reactions |
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Definition
Donor’s RBCs are attacked by the recipient’s plasma agglutinins (antibodies) causing:
• Lower O2-carrying capacity
• Clumped cells that impede blood flow
• Ruptured RBCs release Hb into bloodstream
Circulating hemoglobin precipitates in the kidneys and causes renal failure
ABO Blood Groups |
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Term
| ABO blood groups consist of |
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Definition
• Two antigens (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs
• Two antibodies (agglutinins) in the plasma (anti-A and anti-B)
Agglutinogens and their corresponding antibodies cannot be mixed without serious hemolytic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Rh Blood Groups
There are many different Rh agglutinogens, called Rh factors
Presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as Rh+
Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in Rh– individuals, so:
• First transfusion is OK, but anti-Rh antibodies form
• Second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction |
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Term
| Plasma and blood volume expanders |
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Definition
Emergency? No time to type blood?
•Infuse plasma only
•Infuse plasma expanders - have osmotic properties that directly increase fluid volume
•Isotonic saline can also be used to replace lost blood volume |
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Term
| New techniques for blood transfusions |
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Definition
| •Conversion of A, B, or AB RBC’s into O by bacterial enzymes (glycosidases) |
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