Term
| What are the purposes of blood chemistry testing? |
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Definition
-To evaluate organ systems (#1)
-To identify metabolic problems
-To assist in diagnosis
-To assist in prognosis
-To monitor therapy |
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Term
| What are the methods used for blood chemistries? |
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Definition
-Dry chemistry testing (#1)
-Wet chemistry testing (Going out)
-single tests
-organ profiles
-general profiles |
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Term
| What is the most important thing to remember about blood chemistries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why should we check the machine manual before running whole blood with anticoagulants? |
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Definition
| Becuase some anticoagulants are incompatible with the machines and can produce incorrect results |
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Term
| Why should you run whole blood samples ASAP? |
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Definition
| Because red cells are still metabolically active in whole blood. |
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Term
| If you can't run the blood immediately, what should you do? |
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Definition
| Label and refridgerate, it will slow the metabolism |
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Term
| Why should you never freeze whole blood? |
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Definition
| because it will rupture the cells |
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Term
| What is the most common source of chemistry testing errors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some common causes of hemolyzed samples? |
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Definition
-Excess pressure during venipuncture
-Mishandling sample..not writing them out, you know what they are |
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Term
| What is lipemia caused by? |
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Definition
| Normally just present when patient is postprandial, but some diseases may cause it |
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Term
| How can you avoid postprandial lipemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some error sources when running tests? |
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Definition
-sample probs
-technique errors (pipetting/running test)
-machine errors
-clerical errors |
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Term
| What is a benefit of in-house testing? |
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Definition
| -fast results. patient my be present |
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Term
| What type of blood so you use with screening tests (stix, strips) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main manufacturers of blood chemistry machines? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is Lactate elevated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the protein:creatinine ratio assess? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the blood chemistries when specific organs are effected? |
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Definition
| there will be an increase or decrease in the results. |
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Term
|
Definition
| They are measures to evaluate organ/system status. |
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Term
| Name 7 functions of the kidneys |
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Definition
-removal of nitrogen waste
-regulate salt ions
-regulate acid-base balance
-regulate RBC balance in bone marrow
-regulate blood pressure
-conserve blood glucose and AA
-elimination of drugs/toxic substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| an increase in BUN/creatinine in the blood |
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Term
| What can an increase in BUN/creatinine be caused by? |
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Definition
-prerenal azotemia (in front of the kidney)
-renal azotemia (in the kidney)
-post-renal azotemia (behind the kidney...blocked cats have post-renal azotemia) |
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Term
| What happens with pre-renal azotemia? |
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Definition
Kidneys are not getting perfused. Decrease in GFR.
Can cause dehydration, shock, heart disease |
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Term
| What happens with renal azotemia? |
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Definition
| Lose ability to concentrate urine. 75% of nephrons are non-fuctional |
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Term
| What happens with post-renal azotemia? |
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Definition
| Urinary obstruction or post-renal leakage that can be cause by a blocked urethra or ruptured bladder. |
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Term
| What is Blood urea nitrogen also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The GFR is dependant on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have decreased perfusion what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is creatinine formed? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Is there tubular reabsorption of creatinine? |
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Definition
| no, filtered at the glomerulus |
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Term
| What is the prognosis if a patient has creatinine levels of 10 or above? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is a decreased GFR what happens to the phosphorus levels in patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does chronic renal failure often present with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hypoalbuminemia due to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will we see if patient is hypoalbuminemic? |
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Definition
| Increased proteins in the urine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid (urine) in the kidneys |
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Term
| What different pathologies occur in the liver? |
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Definition
-cell necrosis
-cholestasis |
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Term
| What is jaundice/icterus due to? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you run a bilirubin chemistry can you tell if it's conjugated or unconjugated? |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in unconjugated bilirubin can cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most beneficial test to run for liver disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are ammonia tests, tests for the liver function? |
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Definition
| no, they are to diagnose liver-brain syndrome and portosystemic shunts |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increased ammonia from liver not converting it to urea |
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Term
| What are we looking for when we run enzyme tests? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are enzymes used to evaluate? |
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Definition
| The liver, but are not organ specific |
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Term
|
Definition
| a liver specific enzyme in dogs and cats |
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Term
|
Definition
| Many tissues, especially muscles |
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Term
| When would you see an increase in sAP or GgT? |
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Definition
| Cholestasis (slowing of bile through the liver) |
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Term
| When there is damage to the liver what happens to the sALT? |
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Definition
| Levels go very high. You must wait until the trauma has subsided to get a true value. Can take a couple weeks |
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Term
|
Definition
| evaluate the liver function |
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Term
| When will cholesterol be increased? |
|
Definition
-endocrine abnormalities
-postprandial lipemia
-Hepatic and renal condition |
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Term
| What is the difference between an exocrine and an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
| Exocrine glands secrete through ducts. Endocrine glands have no ducts and go through the bloodstream |
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Term
| What do amylase and lipase do? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are amylase and lipase increased? |
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Definition
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Term
| When would you have a decrease in trypsin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the serum trypsin -like immunoreactivity test for? |
|
Definition
| Exocrine pancreas insufficiency |
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Term
| Where is amylase located? |
|
Definition
| The pancreas, duodenum, and (saliva) |
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Term
| What are some reasons of increased amylase? |
|
Definition
-Pancreatic leakage
-REnal failure
-GI disease
-hepatobiliary disease |
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Term
| What anticoagulant should we not use with amylase or lipase samples? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will falsely elevate amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| pancreas and gastric mucosa |
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Term
| How is lipase eliminated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a leakage enzyme that has to do with muscle injury |
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|
Term
| What is the most common chemistry test we run? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the second most common test we run? |
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Definition
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