Term
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Definition
| Has the ability to change viscosity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has the ability to settle out. Blood is a suspension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interstitial fluid; fluids contained in major organs. |
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Term
| Cardiovascular System Overview: |
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Definition
| Heart -> arteries -> arterioles ->capillaries ->venules -> veins -> heart. |
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Term
| Blood is considered what kind of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood has two main parts: |
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Definition
A Matrix which is plasma.
And fibers which are usually collagen and elastin fibers that are only evident when we clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is made up of formed elements suspended in plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic tool to measure the percentage of RBCs in whole blood. |
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Term
| Blood's physical characteristics: |
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Definition
Can be bright red or dark red,
sticky,
salty,
metallic taste from iron,
more dense than water,
5x more viscous than water. |
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Term
|
Definition
7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
Total volume in women
in men: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 Main functions of blood |
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Definition
Distribution,
regulation,
protection |
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Term
| 4 aspects of distribution |
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Definition
transports: -O2 from lungs into tissues,
-wastes from cells .
-Nutrients from digestive system to cells
-antibodies and immune system components |
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Term
|
Definition
-Maintains appropriate and uniform temperature, appropriate and stable pH (with buffers like HCO3-), and maintains appropriate fluid volume. |
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Term
|
Definition
Prevents flood loss,
Prevents infection |
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Term
| Blood plasma is ___ water |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood plasma is made up of 2 things: |
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Definition
| -Water and over 100+ solutes |
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Term
| What are the most abundant solutes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most plasma proteins are produced by the: |
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Definition
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Term
| These plasma proteins are not used as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The most common protein in blood is: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Albumin makes up ___ of the circulating population. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-Carrier protein,
-Buffer,
-Contributes to osmotic pressure of blood. |
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Term
| Formed elements are generated |
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Definition
| by hematopoetic tissues outside of the blood stream such as red bone marrow. |
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Term
Formed elements make up ~___% of blood volume.
Plasma makes up the rest: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Men have more ___ than women |
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Definition
|
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Term
| RBC's 4 physical characteristics |
|
Definition
-bi-concave disk.
-flexible
-7.5 Microns
-Mature cells are anucleuate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gas transport: transport O2 from lungs and 20% of CO2 back to the lungs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gives high surface area for hemoglobin. |
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Term
| 97% of the weight of a RBC is |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Composes elastic cytoskeleton of RBC-> Flexibility in small diameter capullaries. |
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Term
| RBCs get their energy from: |
|
Definition
| glycolysis-anerobic so it uses no transported O2 |
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Term
|
Definition
Heme - contains iron
Globin - protein part. |
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Term
|
Definition
subunits, Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2. =quaternary structure. |
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Term
| Each hemoglobin transports ___ O2 molecules. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
In the lungs, O2 binds to heme/Fe.
-3D shape and is bright red. |
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Term
|
Definition
O2 leaves Fe and diffuses into other tissues
-Dark red & unique 3D shape. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms more readily when hemoglobin is reduced. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation of blood cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
in red bone marrow.
-produces 1 oz blood a day. (100 billion new cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Progenitors of all formed elements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation of RBCs. Takes 15 days |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-hemoblast ->proerythroblast,
(has many ribosomes)
-early erythroblast ->late errythroblast ->normoblast (here is where organelles and nuclei are rejected) -reticulocytes (1-2% of RBC) - degrade reamining organelles and turn into...!
!erythrocytes! |
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Term
| ____ RBCs are produced per second by healthy people. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What is a glycoprotein hormone secreted from the ____ which helps erythropoiesis.
-What levels monitor the secretion of this hormone? |
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Definition
-erythropoietin (EPO)
-Kidneys and liver
-[O2] |
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Term
| EPO is a ____ feedback system |
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Definition
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Term
| Low O2 levels result from 4 things: |
|
Definition
-Insufficient RBC # (hemorrhage or excessive destruction)
-Insufficient Hbn per RBC. -Reduced availability of O2 (altitude) -Increased demand for O2 (aerobic exercise) |
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Term
| Why do males have more RBCs? |
|
Definition
-Testosterone stimulates renal production of EPO.
-Estrogen does not. |
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Term
RBCs reuire adequate supplies of nutrients and structural materials such as:
(4) |
|
Definition
-Vitamin B 12 and folic acid which affect DNA synthesis and haev a profound impact on dividing cells.
-Fe -Amino Acids |
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Term
| 65% of ___ is bound to hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron is bound to ____ and stored in ______ |
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Definition
| Iron is bound to ferritin and hemosiderin and stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow cells. |
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Term
| Fe is transported by blood in the transport protein |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Women lose more iron (1.7 mg) than men (.9 mg) a day. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-becoming fragile and rigid. Hbn beings to degrade and can become trapped inside of the spleen.
-macrophages can phagocytize these dying RBCs. |
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Term
|
Definition
-heme is cleaved from globin.
-Fe in heme is bound to ferritin and hemosiderin and stored in these protein complexes.
-Heme remainder is made into bilirubin (yellow) which is bound to albumin in the blood.
-Bilirubin is transported to the liver where it is secreted in bile.
-In the intestine, bilirubin is metabolized into feces (stercobilin)
-Globin is decomposed into its amino acids. |
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Term
Anemia
-What is it? -What are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
The reduced ability of blood to carry O2.
-fatigue, shortness of braeth, chill |
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Term
|
Definition
-Not enough RBCs
-Decreased Hbn content in RBCs
-Abnormally configured Hbn. |
|
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Term
| 3 Types of anemia that have insufficient numbers of RBCs. |
|
Definition
-Hemorrhagic anemia,
hemolytic anemia,
aplastic anemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Significant blood loss. Can be treated by blood replacement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RBCs lyse prematurely from hemoglobin anomalies, transfusion mismatch, or bacterial and parasitic infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
Inhibition or destruction of red bone marrow by bacterial toxins, drugs, radiation.
-Treatment: Blood replacement |
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Term
| 2 ways decreased hemoglobin content in RBCs cause anemia: |
|
Definition
iron-deficiency anemia,
pernicious anemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
Inadequate Fe consumption or absorption
RBCs become pale and small (MICROCYTES)
Treatment: Fe supplements and transfusions. |
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Term
|
Definition
Vitamin B12 deficiency (or inadequate IF)
-RBCs become large and pale, and sometimes keep their nucleus.
Treatment: IM injectsions of B12. |
|
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Term
| 2 ways people can have abnormall configured hbn. |
|
Definition
thalassemias,
sickle-cell anemia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-one globin chain is absent or deformed.
-typical for people of north central Mediterranean descent. (Italians and Greeks). |
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Term
|
Definition
-Most common among black peoples.
-In low [O2] conditions, beta chains link abnormally, causing a shape change in hemoglobin and a shape change in the RBCs.
-these deformed RBCs rupture easily and clog pathways. -painful
-Heterozygos people can surgive malaria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal excess of RBCs causing increased blood viscosity. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Secondary to bone marrow cancer. Hematocrit and blood volume rise and can often impair circulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Result of low [O2] -High RBC count, response to living at high altitude. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Artificially induced polycythemia,
removing and injecting RBCs -Injecting RPO. |
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Term
| Leukocytes make up ___ of blood volume: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Migration of WBCs into and out of the circulatory system. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WBCs are ___ which means they can follow chemical concentration gradient to targets ( chemical signals) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| WBC's main functions is the assist in |
|
Definition
| inflammatory response and immune response. |
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Term
| Infections are indicated by |
|
Definition
| WBC count over 11,000/mm cubed. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils,
spherical shape,
lobed nucleis,
granules,
all are phagocytes to some degree. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Most numerous leukocytes.
-lilac stain - neutral.
-3-6 lobes for nuclei,
attracted to inflammed tissues and are active phagocytes there.
-especially attracted to bacteria and some fungi. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
O2 is metabolized to produce potent bacteria killing compounds.
-number of neutrophils increases in response to microbialinfection. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
21-24% WBCs
-red/pink granules
-These granules lack enzymes to digest bacteria.
-Telephone receiver/dumb bell nuclei
-Helps with worms and associated with allergic reactions. |
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Term
|
Definition
Rarest WBC -with histamines
U or S shaped with 2-3 constrictions.
-simular to mast cells found in other connective tissue. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| vasodilating inflammatory conpound that attracts other WBCs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
lymphocytes and monocytes
-spherical nuclei or kidney shaped.
-granules not obvious. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-2nd most numerous WBC (~35%) -Dark, spherical nucleus.
-Most are outside of blood system. T and B lymphocytes
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|
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Term
|
Definition
| active against viruses and tumors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies. |
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Term
|
Definition
3-7% WBCs,
largest,
pale blue cytoplasm,
U or kidney shaped nucleus,
Differentiate into macrophages in tissues. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Antiviral & Anti-intracellular bacterial agents.
-Activate other lymphocytes to mount immune response.
-Increase in # in response to chronic infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Process is stimulated by glycoprotein hormones or cytokines.
-There are 2 types of cytokines: interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
-prompt WBC precursors to divide and mature.
-Enhance functional potency of mature WBCs,
-Produced by macrophages and T lymphocytes. |
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Term
| Hemocytoblasts ->_____ & ______ stem cells |
|
Definition
| lymphoid (evolve into lymphocytes) and meyloid (evolve into RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) stem cells. |
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Term
Distinctive granules of granulocytes appear at the ___ stage.
-Nuclei begin to transform at the ___ stage. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Life span of normal granulocyte: |
|
Definition
.5-9 days
b/c "die in combat" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Abnormal WBC count
-drug induced (glucocorticoids and anti-cancer agents) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-cancerous condition which overproduction of WBC occurs.
-Impairs marrow function and crowds out other cells types. -Can lead to anemia and bleeding disorder.
-Treatment: irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and bone marrow transplants. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
"kissing disease" -highly contageous viral disease
-Epstein-Barr virus -> increased number of agranulocytes, many atypical.
-fatigue, chronic sore throat, low fever,
Treatment - rest for a few weeks. |
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Term
|
Definition
Anucleate, degenerate in ~ 10 days.
-formation regulated from thrombopoetin released from liver. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -dispatch cytoplasmic extensions through sinusoid walls into capillaries -> extensions rupture, liberating platelets. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-vascular spasms -platelet plug formation -coagulation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Immediate vasoconstriction of vessel. -Endothelial cells & platelets release substances ..
-Most effective with small diameter vessels
-Provides time for platelet plug formation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Platelets form temporary seal in vessel wall.
-When endothelium is injured and collagen fibers are exposed, platelets swell and form spiked appendages, become sticky, and adhere to collagen.
-When platelets attach, their granules lyse and it initiates a positive feedback mechanism. It releases other contents (degranulation)
-Serotonin is realeased to enhance vascular spasms.
-ADP is released to attract other platelets and induce content release.
-Thromboxane A2 is a short-lived prostaglandin derivative which stimuloates vascular spasm and platelet attractions. |
|
|
Term
| Platelet plug forms within |
|
Definition
| a minute and reduces further bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prostaglandin produced by vessel endothelium which limits the plug to a certain area. |
|
|
Term
| Platelet plugs are loosely knit and are eventually reinforced by __ threads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transforms blood from a liquid to a gel.
-clotting factors (Procoagulants) enhance clotting
-Most are plasma proteins that inactively circulate until mobilized.
-Anticoagulants are factors that inhibit clotting. |
|
|
Term
| Final 3 cirital steps are: |
|
Definition
1. Prothrombin activator formation (requires Ca2+)
2. Conversion of Prothrombin -> thrombin
3. catalysis of fibrin mesh formation |
|
|
Term
| Prothromin activator formation |
|
Definition
1. Prothrombin activator formation (requires Ca2+)
-Intrinsic pathway - slower, all ingredients are in the blood.
-Extrinsic pathway - faster, Tissue factor is released by injured cells which shortcuts several steps.
-Both pathways cascade towards convergence at factor X.
-Factor X complexes with Ca2_, TF(Tissue factor) and factor V make prothrombin activator.
-clot forms after this. |
|
|
Term
| -Conversion of prothrombin -> Thrombin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catalysis of fibrin mesh formation |
|
Definition
-Thrombin catalysis the polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin.
-Thrombin with Ca2+ activates factor VIII (Fibrin stabilizing factor)
-Fibrin sticks polatelets together, forming a web. |
|
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Term
| Clot Retraction and Repair |
|
Definition
Platelets contain actin and myosin (retractile proteins)
-Contraction squeezes serum from mass and consolidates clot. |
|
|
Term
| Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) |
|
Definition
-Released during degranulation simulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to begin tissue repair.
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