Term
| What does blood transport through the body? |
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Definition
- Nutrients
- Body heat
- Removal of wastes products |
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Term
| Blood is made up of ____ and ____ components. ______, known as _____ are suspended in a _________, known as _____. _____ are absent, but it contains ______ |
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Definition
- solid and liquid
- Living blood cells
- Formed elements
- nonliving fluid matrix
- plasma
- typical connective tissues
- dissolved proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of blood that contains red blood cells. |
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Term
| What substances make up formed elements? |
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Definition
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets |
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Term
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Definition
- Sticky
- Metallic and salty taste
- Color depends on amount of oxygen that it is carrying
- More dense than water
- Thick & viscous due to formed elements
- Slightly alkaline (basic) pH = 7.35 to 7.45
- Temperature = 100.4° F
- Volume = 5-6 liters or 8% of body weight |
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Term
| What is plasma made up of? |
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Definition
Over 100 different dissolved substances:
- Nutrients
- Salts/electrolytes
- Hormones
- Respiratory gases
- Plasma proteins
- Waste products from cell metabolism |
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Term
| Plasma makes up ____ blood volume; and ____ of plasma is water. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are most abundant solutes in plasma and are mostly made by the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molecule carrier, blood buffer, osmotic pressure of bloodstream regulator, keeps water in circulatory system, and also nutritional marker |
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Term
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Definition
| help stop blood loss when blood vessels are injured |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Red blood cells (RBC)
Carry oxygen to all cells
Helps remove carbon dioxide
No nucleus
Very few organelles
Lack mitochondria
Very efficient
Do not use oxygen they are transporting
Bags or hemoglobin
Restricted to the bloodstream & carry out their functions in the blood.
Small, flexible cells
Biconcave - flattened discs with thin centers on both sides
Very large surface area
Out number white blood cells 1000 : 1
The more RBCs, the thicker the blood and less RBCs, the thinner the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Iron bearing protein that transports oxygen in the blood |
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Term
| Higher amounts of hemoglobin means _____. Each hemoglobin can bind up to ___ oxygen molecules. |
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Definition
| That more oxygen can be transported ; 4 |
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Term
| Normal blood has ____ grams of hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| This is an abnormal increase in the number of RBC. |
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Term
| What is sickle-cell anemia? |
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Definition
Primarily occurs in blacks
Two copies of a defective gene on the polypeptide chain that forms hemoglobin
The abnormally shaped hemoglobin becomes spiky and sharp when the oxygen molecules are released or when the oxygen count is low.
The stiff and crescent shaped RBC rupture easily and block up small blood vessels. This causes problems with oxygen delivery
Shortness of breath and extreme pain |
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Term
Hemorrhagic anemia -
Hemolytic anemia -
Pernicious anemia -
Anaplastic anemia -
Iron deficient anemia - |
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Definition
Hemorrhagic anemia - sudden hemorrhage
Hemolytic anemia - lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infections
Pernicious anemia - Lack of vitamin B12
Anaplastic anemia - Lack of RBC production or destruction of RBC due to bone marrow cancer, XRT, or medications
Iron deficient anemia - Lack of iron intake in diet which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells; only complete cells in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability for white blood cells to slip into and out of blood vessels. |
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Term
| What is positive chemotaxis? |
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Definition
| White blood cells locate areas of tissue damage & infection by responding to chemicals of damaged cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Method that WBCs move through tissue spaces via extensions of cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive amount of white blood cells in an area; usually indicates an infection in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormally low white blood count. Can be caused by certain medications (steroids, cancer meds) |
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Term
| What are the two groups of white blood cells and describe them? |
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Definition
Granulocytes
- contain granules in cytoplasm
- several round lobes forming nuclei
Agranulocytes
- lack granules in cytoplasm
- spherical / oval /kidney shaped nuclei |
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Term
| What are the three forms of granulocytes and describe them: |
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Definition
Neutrophils
- most numerous
- multi-lobed nucleus, fine granules
fight acute infection especially bacteria & fungi
Eosinophils
- red granules
- fight allergies and infections especially parasitic worms (flatworms, tapeworms)
Basophils
- rarest WBC
- histamine containing granules
- fight inflammation |
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Term
| What are the types of agranulocytes and describe them. |
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Definition
Lymphocytes
- second most numerous
- large, dark nuclei that occupy most all of the cell
- reside in lymphatic tissues
- important role in immune responses
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes
Monocytes
- largest of WBCs
- U or kidney shaped nucleus
- important in fighting chronic infection - phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Great = Granulocytes
News = neutrophils
Every = eosinophils
Body = basophils
Accepted = Agranulocytes
Less = lymphocytes
Money = monocytes |
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Term
| How to remember the order of WBC's from most numerous to least numerous |
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Definition
Never = neutrophils
Let = lymphocytes
Monkeys = monocytes
Eat = eosinophils
Bananas = basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when cancer of the bone marrow causes countless of WBC's to be produced. |
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Term
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Definition
Critical for the process of clotting when blood vessels are broken
Not cells but rather cell fragments
Formed from multi- nucleate cells called megakaryocytes
Break into thousands of anucleate pieces that seal themselves from fluids |
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Term
| What is Thrombocytopenia? |
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Definition
| This is abnormal bleeding due to low platelet count (caused by bone marrow cancer). |
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Term
| What can liver problems cause? |
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Definition
In ability to make usual clotting factors.
Caused by Hepatitis and cirrhosis
Or low Vitamin K levels |
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Term
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Definition
A hereditary bleeding disorder that results in a lack of any of the clotting factors.
- Minor trauma may lead to life treating bleeding
- May cause bleeding in joints - very painful |
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Term
| What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur? |
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Definition
| Blood cell formation ; Occurs in red bone marrow /myeloid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| A common type of stem cell from which all blood cells arise |
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Term
| What two types of cells are formed by hemocytoblasts? |
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Definition
Lymphoid stem cell
- Produces lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cell
- Produces all other formed elements |
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Term
Developing RBC divide many times & make lots of _____. When enough is made, the nucleus & cell organelles are ejected and the RBC ______.
They eventually become _____ and fragmented with age
Unable to _____
Their remains are eliminated by _____ in the ________
Replenished by ______ in the ________ |
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Definition
- hemoglobin
- collapses inward
- rigid
- grow, divide, or synthesize proteins
- phagocytes in the liver and spleen
- hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow |
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Term
Developing RBC divide many times & make lots of _____. When enough is made, the nucleus & cell organelles are ejected and the RBC ______.
They eventually become _____ and fragmented with age
Unable to _____
Their remains are eliminated by _____ in the ________
Replenished by ______ in the ________ |
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Definition
- hemoglobin
- collapses inward
- rigid
- grow, divide, or synthesize proteins
- phagocytes in the liver and spleen
- hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
Young red blood cells that enter the blood stream to start transporting oxygen.
They become fully functional in 3-5 days |
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Term
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Definition
Young red blood cells that enter the blood stream to start transporting oxygen.
They become fully functional in 3-5 days |
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Term
| What is erythropoietin, where is it produced, and how does it work? |
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Definition
- Hormone that controls RBC production.
- Small amounts in blood at all times
- Liver produces some, kidneys produce most
- If blood oxygen levels are low, kidneys release hormone to target bone marrow to produce more RBCs |
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Term
| What is erythropoietin, where is it produced, and how does it work? |
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Definition
- Hormone that controls RBC production.
- Small amounts in blood at all times
- Liver produces some, kidneys produce most
- If blood oxygen levels are low, kidneys release hormone to target bone marrow to produce more RBCs |
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Term
Leukocytes and platelets stimulated by
_____ and _____.
These prompt the ____ to turn out new WBCs and also summon other WBCs to protect the body
________ speeds up platelet production |
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Definition
- Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
- Interleukins
- red bone marrow
- Thrombopoietin |
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Term
| What is hemostasis and what does it involve? |
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Definition
Stoppage of bleeding
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation / blood formation |
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Term
| What is involved in vascular spasms? |
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Definition
- Vasoconstriction - smooth muscle spasms
- Narrows blood vessel width
- Decreases blood loss |
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Term
| What is involved in the platelet plug formation? |
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Definition
- Broken epithelium exposes underlying collagen - platelets stick to collagen
- Platelets release chemicals to cause more vasospasms & attract more platelets to form platelet plug |
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Term
| What is involved in coagulation? |
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Definition
- Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF) to enhance clotting
- Clotting cascade
- TF, Vitamin K, clotting factors, Ca ions
- Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
- Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins to form fibin
- Fibrin forms a mesh to trap RBCs make a clot
- Clot edges pull closer together
- Rapid process taking 3-6 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
Blood clot that forms and remains in an uninjured blood vessel
May prevent blood from flowing to cells at a point beyond the clot |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood clot that breaks free from the vessel wall from which it was adhered. It floats freely in the bloodstream until it lodges in a blood vessel that is too small for it to pass. |
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Term
| DVT in leg ----> inferior vena cava ----> through right side of heart ---> to pulmonary artery ----> lodges in pulmonary vessels ----> pulmonary embolism (PE) |
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Definition
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Term
| Clot in left side of heart or the carotid artery ---> up carotid artery to vessels of brain ---> lodges in cerebral vessels ----> ischemic stroke |
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Definition
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