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Blood and Blood Vessels
UCCS Bio 2020 Lykins- Exam 1, Chp. 17
123
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/11/2014

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Term
Blood is a _____ made of what?
Definition
a fluid connective tissue; plasma and formed elements
Term
Plasma is 7% _____, 1%_____, and 92% _____.
Definition
plasma proteins
other solutes (in conc. similar to that of interstitial fluid)
water
Term
How are the plasma proteins in the plasma?
Definition
in solution rather than forming insoluble fibers; large size and globular shapes so they can't leave the bloodstream
Term
90% of plasma proteins are synthesized by the _____.
Definition
liver
Term
types and % of plasma proteins
Definition
60% albumins
35% globulins
4% fibrinogen
Term
albumins
Definition
major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
Term
globulins
Definition
immunoglobins act as antibodies that attack foreign proteins and pathogens, and transport globulins bind small ions, hormones, and lipids
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
clotting; sometimes form fibrin (large, insoluble strands that form the basic framework for a blood clot)
Term
What are the "other solutes" in plasma?
Definition
electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, and SO42-), organic nutrients (lipids, carbs, and amino acids), and organic wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions)
Term
formed elements
Definition
cells and cell fragments; can be called hematocrit (% of whole blood that is RBC) because 99.9% of the formed elements are RBC; <1% platelets and WBC
Term
packed cell volume (PCV)
Definition
normal hematocrit: 47 in males and 42 in females (androgens stimulate RBC production and estrogens don't)
Term
platelets
Definition
small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to clotting
Term
5 classes of WBC
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
Term
Whole blood is slightly _____, meaning its pH is ~_____.
Definition
alkaline
7.4 (avg.)
Term
Scabs and zits ooze what as they dry?
Definition
scabs: plasma
zits: interstitial fluid
Term
RBCs are what fraction of all of the cells in the body?
Definition
1/3
Term
rouleaux
Definition
stacks of RBCs that eases their flow through narrow blood vessels
Term
How many Hb are on each RBC?
Definition
about 280 million (they're 95% of RBC's intracellular proteins)
Term
structure of Hb
Definition
complex quaternary; 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains of polypeptides; each chain is a globular protein subunit containing a single molecule of heme (nonprotein pigment complex that holds an Fe)
Term
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
Definition
each heme's iron interacts with an O2 molecule to form this; completely reversible; makes blood bright red
Term
deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
Hb molecule whose Fe isn't bound to O2, making blood a darker red
Term
What percent of O2 carried by blood is bound to Hb? Where is the rest?
Definition
98.5%; dissolved in plasma
Term
There are _____ RBC per drop of blood.
Definition
260 million (x280mil.Hbx4peptidechains= 2.912 e 17 heme per drop of blood)
Term
Red bone marrow is aka
Definition
myeloid tissue
Term
Developing RBCs absorb what from the bloodstream to synthesize new Hb?
Definition
amino acids and Fe2+ (while in the red bone marrow)
Term
What are the steps a developing RBC goes through in the red bone marrow?
Definition
hemocytoblast -> proerythroblasts -> erythroblasts -> 4 days of differentiation -> normoblasts -> sheds nucleus -> reticulocyte -> 2 days in marrow -> 24 hours in bloodstream -> complete maturation
Term
Which stage in the red bone marrow does the developing RBC actively synthesize Hb?
Definition
erythroblasts
Term
RBC formation is called
Definition
erythropoiesis
Term
RBC go from to development to hemolysis in which body structures?
Definition
1. red bone marrow
2. macrophages
3. liver and kidney
4. large intestine from liver, urine from kidney
Term
Macrophages extract _____ from RBCs and do what with them?
Definition
Fe2+; store in phagocytes or release into bloodstream where it binds to transferrin, converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin, which goes to the liver
Term
What do the macrophages do with the globular proteins from hemolyzed RBCs?
Definition
disassemble them into amino acids and release them into the bloodstream for use by other cells
Term
hemoglobinuria
Definition
urine turns red or brown due to an abnormally large number of Hb from RBCs that break down in the bloodstream
Term
What do the kidneys do with Hb?
Definition
take that which isn't phagocytized and break it down, so the alpha and beta chains are released in the urine
Term
hematuria
Definition
presence of intact RBCs in urine only after urinary tract damage
Term
The kidneys excrete what along with Hb?
Definition
urobilins (give urine yellow color) from the large intestine
Term
What does the liver do in the circulation of the RBCs?
Definition
accepts bilirubin for excretion in bile
Term
What does the large intestine do in the circulation of the RBCs?
Definition
accepts the bile with bilirubin and converts it to urobilins and stercobilins
Term
macrophages
Definition
monocytes that have entered tissues and have further matured; phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells
Term
Surface antigens are _____ determined membrane _____ or _____.
Definition
genetically; glycoproteins or glycolipids
Term
Which blood type has both surface antibodies, and which has neither?
Definition
AB has neither, O has both
Term
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is cause with which mother/newborn blood types?
Definition
mother Rh- and baby Rh+
Term
diapedisis
Definition
ability of WBCs to emigrate through tissues of whole body
Term
positive chemotaxis
Definition
specific chemical stimuli guide WBCs to invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other active WBCs
Term
neutrophils
Definition
50-70% of WBCs; granulocytes; phagocytic and engulf pathogens and debris; multilobed nucleus
Term
eosinophils
Definition
2-4% of WBCs; granulocytes; phagocytic and engulf antibody-labeled materials; increase in abundance with allergies, asthma, and parasitic infection
Term
basophils
Definition
least common WBCs; granulocytes; release histamine and other chemicals, promoting inflammatory responses
Term
monocytes
Definition
2-8%; agranulocytes; enter tissues and become macrophages
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
20-30%; agranulocytes; provide defense against specific pathogens or toxins; large, round nucleus
Term
totipotent vs. pluripotent vs. multipotent
Definition
Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism; pluripotent refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers; Multipotency describes progenitor cells which have the potential to differentiate into multiple, but limited cell types
Term
All formed elements arise from what? Describe this stem cell line.
Definition
hemocytoblasts (multipotent stem cells); give rise to 2 other stem cell lines: lymphoid stem cells (produce lymphocytes) and myeloid stem cells (all other formed elements
Term
hypoxia
Definition
low O2 concentration in blood
Term
the 3 stages of hemostasis
Definition
1. vascular
2. platelet
3. coagulation
Term
What occurs during the vascular stage of hemostasis?
Definition
endothelial cells contract and expose the underlying basal lamina to the bloodstream and begin releasing chemical factors, local hormones, and endothelins; endothelial p.m. become stick to attach to broken vessel wall
Term
What occurs during the platelet stage of hemostasis?
Definition
platelets attach to sticky endothelial surfaces, basal laminae, exposed collagen fibers, and each other; release chemicals
Term
What occurs during the coagulation stage of hemostasis?
Definition
starts after 30 seconds; activation of proenzyme creates cascade (extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways)
Term
extrinsic pathway
Definition
begins with release of tissue factor (III) by damaged endothelial cells or peripheral tissues; becomes complex capable of activating factor X
Term
intrinsic pathway
Definition
collagen fibers; PF3 and complex capable of activating factor X
Term
common pathway
Definition
activation of factor X to form enzyme prothrombinase which converts prothrombin (proenzyme) into thrombin (enzyme), which completes the clotting process by converting fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
Term
clot retraction
Definition
fibrinolysis; plasminogen; tissue plasminogen activator; plasmin
Term
Venipunctures use ____ because...
Definition
superficial veins; easy to locate, thin walls, low b.p.
Term
Iron-deficiency anemia cause RBCs to
Definition
develop unusually small b/c they can't synthesize functional Hb- microcytes
Term
pernicious anemia
Definition
deficiency in vitamin b12
Term
Any disorder that lowers what can impair clotting?
Definition
plasma concentration of Ca2+ and vitamin k
Term
Sickle cell anemia affects
Definition
beta chains of Hb molecules
Term
A diverse group of inherited blood disorders that are caused by the inadequate production of Hb subunits are called
Definition
thalassemias
Term
Malaria is cause by _____ and affects _____.
Definition
protozoan plasmodium; liver cells
Term
Lymphoid leukemia affects _____, while myeloid leukemia affects _____.
Definition
lymphocytes; granulocytes
Term
pulmonary circuit
Definition
organization of blood vessels that carries blood to and from the gas exchange surface of the lungs
Term
systemic circuit
Definition
organization of blood vessels that transports blood to and from the rest of the body
Term
Blood returning from the systemic circuit must pass through the _____ circuit before the _____ circuit.
Definition
pulmonary; systemic (reenters)
Term
Blood is carried away from the heart by _____, and toward it by _____.
Definition
arteries (efferent vessels); veins (afferent)
Term
blood flow
Definition
R atrium, R ventricle, pulmonary circuit (pulmonary arteries, capillaries in lungs, pulmonary veins), L atrium, L ventricle, systemic circuit (capillaries in upper body, systemic arteries, systemic veins, capillaries in trunk and lower body)
Term
layers of arteries and veins
Definition
1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa
Term
tunica intimia
Definition
endothelial lining and an underlying layer of connective tissue containing elastic fibers
Term
internal elastic membrane
Definition
outer margin of tunica intima in arteries
Term
tunica media
Definition
concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue
Term
tunica externa
Definition
connective tissue sheath with collagen fibers scattered with band of elastic fibers
Term
The tunica _____ is thicker in veins than in arteries.
Definition
externa
Term
vasodilation vs. vasoconstriction
Definition
changes in diameter of the smooth muscle tissue of the tunica media
Term
typical capillary structure
Definition
a tube of endothelial cells within a delicate basal lamina; there is no tunica media or externa
Term
continuous capillary
Definition
endothelium is a complete lining to prevent the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins; located in all tissues of the body except epithelia and cartilage
Term
fenestrated capilarry
Definition
contains windows or pores that penetrate the endothelial lining to permit the rapid exchange of water and large solutes; located in choroid plexus of brain and the capillaries of most of the endocrine system
Term
sinusoids
Definition
flattened and irregularly shaped fenestrated capillaries that commonly have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells; occur in liver, bone marrow, spleen, and many endocrine organs
Term
metarteriole
Definition
a smooth muscle within the wall of the initial part of a capillary that is capable of changing its diameter
Term
After the metarteriole, the rest of the capillary bed passageway is called the _____.
Definition
thoroughfare channel (direct passages through the capillary bed
Term
pressure of the venous system
Definition
very low (in peripheral venules and medium veins, only 10% that of the ascending aorta) and continue to fall along the venous system
Term
valves
Definition
folds of the tunica intima in large veins of the limbs that project from the vessel wall and point in the direction of blood flow to allow blood to be able to get back to the heart while overcoming the force of gravity b/c the pressure in veins is so low
Term
musculo-skeletal pump
Definition
compartments in the veins help divide the weight of the blood + the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles = help to overcome the pull of gravity
Term
The systemic venous system contains how much of the total blood volume?
Definition
nearly 2/3 (about 3.5/6L)
Term
venoconstriction
Definition
constriction of the veins using inner smooth muscles to decrease the diameter of veins to maintain the volume of blood in the arterial system when there is significant blood loss
Term
The pulmonary circuit is different b/c
Definition
it's relatively short, goes b/w the heart and the lungs, and carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart with arteries and oxygenated blood back to the heart with veins
Term
The peripheral distribution of vessels in the pulmonary circuit is
Definition
generally identical on both sides of the body except near the heart
Term
Why are tissues and organs usually serviced by several arteries and veins?
Definition
to reduce the impact if a temporary or permanent occlusion occurs
Term
In the systemic arterial system, all vessels originate from where?
Definition
the aorta
Term
In the systemic venous system, all vessels merge into what?
Definition
the superior and inferior vena cava
Term
superior vena cava
Definition
collects systemic blood from the head, chest, and upper limbs
Term
inferior vena cava
Definition
collects systemic blood from all structures inferior to the diaphragm
Term
Do vessels ever change names?
Definition
yes as they branch or move into new areas
Term
1st, 2nd, and 3rd best venipunctures
Definition
1. Median cubital vein
2. Cephalic vein
3. basilic vein
Term
The branches of the aortic arch supply structures that are drained by the
Definition
superior vena cava
Term
artery branches of the aortic arch (in the upper limb)
Definition
Brachiocephalic trunk, right subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar, deep palmar, superficial palmar, digital (all arteries)
Term
vein branches of the aortic arch (in the upper limb) that drain into the superior vena cava
Definition
cephalic, median cubital, basilic (this also starts in the wrist as well as is a branch from the median cubital), brachial, axillary, external jugular, internal jugular, vertebral, superior vena cava
Term
Common carotid artery
Definition
head and neck; palpated alongside trachea (windpipe); contains carotid sinus
Term
Branches of common carotid artery
Definition
External carotid artery; internal carotid artery (brain and eyes)
Term
Vertebral arteries
Definition
enter cranium and fuse into basilar artery
Term
veins of head and neck
Definition
external and internal jugular and vertebral
Term
Branches of internal carotid artery
Definition
in the brain; Ophthalmic artery (eyes); Anterior cerebral artery (frontal and parietal lobes of brain); Middle cerebral artery (midbrain and lateral surfaces of cerebral hemispheres)
Term
Cerebral arterial circle
Definition
(circle of Willis); Formed by internal carotid arteries and basilar artery; Encircles infundibulum of pituitary gland; Arrangement reduces likelihood of serious interruption of cerebral blood flow
Term
Dural sinuses drain
Definition
superficial cerebral veins and small brain stem veins
Term
Unpaired median sinuses
Definition
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Cavernous sinus
Occipital sinus
Term
paired lateral sinuses
Definition
right transverse, right sigmoid, and petrosal
Term
Celiac trunk (three branches)
Definition
1. Left gastric artery (stomach and inferior esophagus)
2. Splenic artery (spleen and stomach arteries)
3. Common hepatic artery (arteries to liver, stomach, gallbladder, and proximal small intestine)
Term
Major unpaired branches of abdominal aorta
Definition
Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric artery, and Inferior mesenteric artery
Term
Superior mesenteric artery
Definition
pancreas, duodenum, most of large intestine
Term
Inferior mesenteric artery
Definition
colon and rectum
Term
Major tributaries of inferior vena cava
Definition
Lumbar veins (lumbar portion of abdomen), Gonadal veins (gonads), Hepatic veins (liver), Renal veins (kidneys), Adrenal veins (adrenal glands), Phrenic veins (diaphragm)
Term
Inferior mesenteric artery
Definition
Left colic (colon)
Sigmoid (colon)
Rectal (colon)
Term
Branches of the splenic artery
Definition
Left gastroepiploic (stomach)
Pancreatic (pancreas)
Term
Hepatic portal vein tributaries
Definition
Splenic vein and tributaries, and Inferior mesenteric vein and tributaries
Term
Common iliac artery
Definition
Internal iliac artery and external iliac artery
Term
Internal iliac artery
Definition
bladder, pelvic walls, external genitalia, medial side of thigh, in females, uterus and vagina
Term
External iliac artery
Definition
Femoral artery, Deep femoral artery, Femoral circumflex arteries (ventral and lateral skin and deep muscles of thigh), Popliteal artery (posterior knee), Posterior and anterior tibial arteries (leg), Fibular artery (lateral leg)
Term
External and internal iliac veins fuse to form
Definition
common iliac veins
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