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Blood and Hematopoiesis
LECOM Yr 1
71
Anatomy
Graduate
08/05/2011

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Term
what are the components of blood?
Definition
RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma, water, proteins
Term
what is hematocrit?
Definition
the relative volume of packed red blood cells in a centrifuge tube of spun blood
Term
what does a low hematocrit reflect?
Definition
anemia
Term
what percent of the volume in a spun centrifuge of blood will be white cells?
Definition
1%
Term
what is the name of the major plasma protein?
Definition
albumin
Term
how large is albumin
Definition
70 kDa
Term
where is albumin synthesized and what is it responsible for?
Definition
synthesized in the liver and responsible for colloid osmotic pressure
Term
how large are erthrocytes?
Definition
7.8 micrometers
Term
what is the shape of an erthrocyte maintained by and what does it maximize?
Definition
the shape is maintained by interactions of integral and peripheral membrane proteins which maximize surface area
Term
what is the main function of red blood cells?
Definition
to carry hemoglobin
Term
where are globulin and fibrinogen made?
Definition
the liver
Term
what is the most prevelant type of hemoglobin in adults?
Definition
HbA
Term
what is hemtopoiesis?
Definition
the formation of blood cells
Term
where does hemtopoiesis take place?
Definition
the bone marrow
Term
which type of stem cell gives rise to erythroid CFU?
Definition
the multipotential myeloid stem cell (CMP)
Term
what factor does the erythroid cell respond to to give rise to the first recognizable cell in the erythroid series?
Definition
erythropoietin from the kidneys
Term
describe the proerythroblast
Definition
large cell 12-20 micrometers, large spherical nucleus, basophillic cytoplasm (blue), free ribosomes
Term
when proerythroblasts divide, they give rise to what?
Definition
basophillic erythroblasts
Term
describe a basophillic erythroblast
Definition
have intensely basophillic cytoplasm because they have many free ribosomes which are involved in hemoglobin synthesis; nuclei are smaller than proerythroblast nuclei and they become more heterochromatic with each division
Term
when the developing red blood cell has a mixture of ribosomes and hemoglobin in the cytoplasm, what is the term for this cell?
Definition
polychromatophillic erythroblasts
Term
what is a pyknotic nucleus and where is it found in the developing blood cell cycle?
Definition
pyknotic nucleus is small and dark and is an indication that the cell will go through cell death or kick the nucleus out; normally found in normoblasts (orthochomatophillic erythroblast)
Term
When nucleus is kicked out of a normoblast, what cell is created?
Definition
reticulocyte
Term
your reticulocyte count will be higher if you are?
Definition
anemic
Term
describe a reticulocyte
Definition
have no nucleus, normally 1-2% of RBC's and need special stains to see remaining ribosomes
Term
in which 3 cycles of hematopoiesis does mitosis occur?
Definition
proerythroblasts, basophillic erythroblasts and polychromatophillic erythroblasts
Term
what are the names of the 2 groups that white cells can belong to?
Definition
granulocytes and agrunulocytes
Term
what are the three types of granulocytes?
Definition
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Term
what are the 2 types of agrunulocytes?
Definition
lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
describe features of a primary granulocyte
Definition
non specific, have azurophillic granules, arise early in granulopoiesis, have lysosomes
Term
where are tertiary granules only described?
Definition
in neutrophils
Term
describe features of a basophil
Definition
stay in the circulation, have a lobed nucleus that is obscured by prominents basophillic granules, very few in normal blood, come from distinct progenitor cells, bind IgE in the circulation, release anticoagulant and vasoactive agents by degranulation
Term
what do eosinophils play a role in?
Definition
allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic inflammation
Term
where are eosinophils found in large numbers?
Definition
in the lamina propria of the intestines
Term
describe a neutrophil
Definition
does not do anything but travel, most common white cell, have segmented nuclei (number of segments increases as they mature), and contains 3 types of granules: specific, azurophillic and tertiary
Term
what are the 3 types of granules neutrophils contain?
Definition
specific, azurophillic (non specific) and tertiary
Term
if you see a barr body in a neutrophil what does it indicate?
Definition
that the person is female
Term
which granule is the most numerous in neutrophils?
Definition
specific granules (secondary granules)
Term
what is neutrophillia indicative of?
Definition
a bacterial infection
Term
during what type of inflammation will you see neutrophils? (acute or chronic)
Definition
acute
Term
what are the 4 compartments of neutrophils?
Definition
medullary formation, medullary storage, circulating, and marginating
Term
describe the medullary formation compartment of neutrophils
Definition
mitotic compartment and a maturation compartment
Term
describe the role of the medullary storage compartment of neutrophils
Definition
acts as a buffer and can release large numbers of neutrophils on demand
Term
where is the circulating compartment of neutrophils suspended?
Definition
plasma
Term
where is the marginating compartment of neutrophils located?
Definition
sitting along the walls of the capillaries where blood flow reduced by vasoconstriction
Term
what are immature forms of neutrophils called?
Definition
band or stab cells
Term
do glucocorticoids increase or decrease the production of neutrophils?
Definition
increase
Term
intense physical exertion or increased serum epinephrine will have what effect on neutrophil concentration?
Definition
will cause transient neutrophilia by movement of neutrophils from the marginating to the circulating compartment
Term
what is the first granulocyte precursor?
Definition
the myeloblast
Term
which cell in granulopoiesis is the only cell to produce azurophillic granules?
Definition
the promyelocyte
Term
which cells are first recognizable as basophil, eosinophil or neutrophils by their granules?
Definition
metamyelocytes
Term
increased numbers of band or stab cells is called what and what does it indicate?
Definition
called a shift to the left and indicates a bacterial infection
Term
what two granulocytes have bilobed nuclei?
Definition
basophils and eosinophils
Term
what color are eosinophils typically?
Definition
red
Term
describe a monocyte
Definition
largest leukocyte in a smear, circulate in the blood for about 3 days, migrate to various tissues and organs where they differentiate into phagocytes which make up mononuclear phagocytic system
Term
describe a lymphocyte
Definition
generally the size of an RBC in a smear, main effector cells of the immune system, and most are immunocompetent cells
Term
what are the three basic types of lymphocytes?
Definition
T cells, B cells and Natural killer cells
Term
what are T cells involved in?
Definition
cell mediated immunity
Term
what do B cells produce?
Definition
antibodies
Term
what do NK cells kill?
Definition
transformed cells
Term
In a smear, what 2 cells cannot be distinguished?
Definition
T and B cells
Term
which lymphocytes are most abundant in the blood?
Definition
mature T lymphocytes
Term
monocytes differentiate in tissues into what?
Definition
macrophages
Term
what are thrombocytes (platelets) essential for?
Definition
hemostasis (clotting)
Term
What is a condition with a reduced number of platelets called?
Definition
thrombocytopenia; patients bruise easily
Term
where are platelets derived from?
Definition
bone marrow from the megakaryocytes
Term
describe platelet formation
Definition
platelets break off from megakaryocytes along demarcation channels and then megakaryocyte processes pierce the endothelium of sinusoids and platelets enter the sinusoids
Term
what are the 4 zones of platelets?
Definition
peripheral zone, structural zone, organelle zone, and membrane zone
Term
what does the peripheral zone of the platelet function as?
Definition
a receptor region
Term
where is the structural zone of the platelet located?
Definition
cytoskeletal element, microtubules, actin and myosin
Term
what does the organelle zone of a platelet contain?
Definition
granules involved in platelet function
Term
what is the membrane zone of the platelet?
Definition
the canalicular network
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