Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Block 4 Anatomy Hit List
All the bolded terms, with useful tidbits.
177
Anatomy
Graduate
05/01/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the parts of the sternum?
Definition
The manubrium, body, xiphoid process.
Term
How many ribs are there? What are the different kinds of ribs?
Definition

There are 12 ribs. There are 7 "true" ribs, 3 "false" ribs, and 2 "floating" ribs.

 

ppg. 188-189 

Term
Costal margin
Definition

Inferior border of the costal cartilages.

 

pg. 189 

Term
What bones do ribs articulate with?
Definition

The thoracic vertebrae.

 

ppg. 189-190 

Term
Where on the thoracic vertebrae do ribs articulate?
Definition

Ribs articulate with facets on the body and the transverses of the thoracic vertebrae.

 

ppg. 192, 197 

Term
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
Definition

The 1st thoracic vertebra posteriorly, the 1st ribs laterally, and the manubrium anteriorly.

 

pg. 192 

Term
What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?
Definition

The 12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly, the 11th and 12th ribs and the costal margin laterally, and the xiphoid process or xiphosternal joint anteriorly.

 

pg. 192 

Term
At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process, and what other notable structures also occupy that level?
Definition

T10.  The upper surface of the liver, the diaphragm, and the lower border of the heart.

 

ppg. 244-245 

Term
What are the attachments of the pectoralis major muscle?
Definition

Originates from attachments on the clavicle, sternum, and the upper 6th or 7th ribs, and inserts on the humerus.

 

ppg. 207-211 

Term
What are the attachments of the pectoralis minor muscle?
Definition

Originates from the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs and inserts in the coracoid process of the scapula.

 

pg. 208 

Term
Where do the intercostal nerves come from?
Definition

The intercostal nerves are the anterior primary rami of the 1st through 11th thoracic spinal nerves.

 

pg. 229 

Term
What is the best landmark to find the lateral pectoral nerves?
Definition

The lateral pectoral nerves travel over the superior edge of the pectoralis minor.

 

pg. 208 

Term
What is the best landmark to find the medial pectoral nerve?
Definition

The medial pectoral nerve travels under the inferior edge of the pectoralis minor.

 

pg. 208 

Term
Where do the lateral and medial pectoral nerves branch from?
Definition

They are branches of the branchial plexus.

 

ppg. 168-169 

 

 

Term
Where is the thoracoacromial artery?
Definition

Branches from the axillary artery just distal to where the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery.

 

ppg. 168-169 

Term
Where is the cephalic vein?
Definition

The cephalic vein traves in the deltopectoral grove.

 

ppg. 170-171

Term
What is the female breast derived from embryologically?
Definition
Apocrine sweat glands.
Term
What fascial layer is the female breast located in?
Definition
The superficial facial layer (subcutanious connective tissue)
Term
what are the major anatomical structures of the female breast?
Definition

The mammary lobules are each connected to a lactiferous duct, that each connects to the nipple. The nipple is surrounded by the areola.

 

pg. 290 

Term
What is the location of the intercostal nerves with respect to the muscles and bones of the thoracic body wall?
Definition

The intercostal nerves run between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles. They travel with the costal groves that run along the inner and inferior surfaces of the ribs.

 

ppg. 214-215 

Term
What structures will you find in the typical intercostal space?
Definition

3 layers of intercostal muscles, the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries and veins, and the intercostal nerve.

 

ppg. 214-215 

Term
What is the tissue layer that lies between the internal surface of the thoracic wall and the parietal pleura?
Definition
Endothoracic fascia.
Term
What is the term for the ventral primary ramus of the 12th thoracic nerve?
Definition
The subcostal nerve.
Term
What spinal nerves give rise to the dermatomes of the thoracic wall?
Definition
C4, C5, T1-T6
Term
What vessels give rise to the posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries?
Definition

The thoracic aorta gives rise to the majority of posterior intercostal arteries and the subcostal artery. The upper two poster intercostal arteries are derived from the subclavian arteries.

 

ppg. 280-281 

Term
What gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries?
Definition

The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the internal thoracic artery at six points beneath the 1st and 6 th ribs.

 

 

Term
What is derivation and pathway of the internal thoracic arteries?
Definition
The internal thoracic arteries arise from the first part of the subclavian arteries and descend posterior to the first 6 costal cartilages lateral to the sternum.
Term
Where does the internal thoracic artery terminate?
Definition
At the 6th intercostal space where it gives rise to the musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries.
Term
What are the branches of the internal thoracic arteries?
Definition
The anterior intercostal arteries, the pericardiacophrenic arteries, the musculophrenic arteries, and the superior epigastric arteries.
Term
What is the spatial relationship between the musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries?
Definition
The musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries are the two arteries that arrise when the internal thoracic artery bifurcates at the 6th intercostal space. The musculophrenic travels along the costal margin and the superior epigastric continues to descend inferiorly and is therefore medial to the musculophrenic.
Term
Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain?
Definition
Into the internal thoracic vein.
Term
Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain?
Definition
Into the azygos system of veins.
Term
What are the regions of the parietal pleura?
Definition
The costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic regions, and the cupula.
Term
On which side is the costomediastinal recess of the visceral pleura?
Definition
There are costomediastinal recesses on both sides but the left side has the largest recess.
Term
What is the space between two layers of visceral pleura inferior to the inferior margin of the lungs called?
Definition
The costodiaphragmatic recess.
Term
What is the depression in the anterior surface of the left lung called?
Definition
The cardiac notch.
Term
What is the space between layers of visceral pleura medial to the cardiac notch of the left lung called?
Definition
The costomediastinal recess.
Term
What nerves supply mediastinal and diaphragmatic regions of the parietal pleura?
Definition
The phrenic nerves.
Term
What nerves supply the costal region of the parietal pleura?
Definition
Intercostal nerves.
Term
What are the surfaces of the lung?
Definition
Costal, diaphragmatic, and mediastinal.
Term
What is the portion of the lung called that rises above the 1st rib?
Definition
The apex of the lung.
Term
What surface of the lung do vascular and airway structures enter and leave the lung through?
Definition
The mediastinal surface.
Term
What is the structure called where vascular and airway structures enter and leave the lung?
Definition
The hilum of the lung.
Term
Where do the anterior inferior aspect of the right lung and the 7th rib intersect?
Definition
At the midclavicular line.
Term
Where are the oblique fissures of the lungs located with respect to other landmarks?
Definition
They begin at the level of the sternal angle posteriorly and pass anteriorly and inferiorly to intersect the diaphragmatic surface at about the level of the 6th rib.
Term
What is the minor fissure of the lung?
Definition
The minor fissure of the lung divides the lung into upper and middle lobes, and therefore only the right lung has a minor fissure.
Term
Where does the minor fissure intersect with the mediastinal surface of the lung?
Definition
At the level of the 4th rib.
Term
What is the horizontal fissure?
Definition
Also called the minor fissure.
Term
What are the vertebral level boundaries of the trachea?
Definition
It begins at the level of C6 and bifurcates at the sternal angle, or at the level of the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.
Term
What are the vertebral level boundaries of the trachea?
Definition
It begins at the level of C6 and bifurcates at the sternal angle, or at the level of the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.
Term
What are the airways called just after the tracheal bifurcation?
Definition
The principal airways.
Term
What landmark corresponds to the bifurcation of the trachea?
Definition
The sternal angle.
Term
What is the structure inferior to the bifurcation of the trachea?
Definition
The carina.
Term
What bony landmark corresponds to the carina?
Definition
The sternal angle.
Term
What are the airways called immediately distal to the principal bronchi?
Definition
The lobar bronchi.
Term
What are the airways called just distal to the lobar bronchi?
Definition
The segmental bronchi.
Term
What structures are ventilated by each individual segmental bronchi?
Definition
The bronchopulmonary segments.
Term
How many segmental bronchi ventilate the lower lobes of the lungs?
Definition
5 on both the right and the left.
Term
How many segmental bronchi ventilate the upper lobes of the lungs?
Definition
In the right lung 3 segmental bronchi ventilate the superior lobe and 2 ventilate the middle lobe. In the left lung 3 ventilate the superior lobe and 2 ventilate the lingular lobe.
Term

What is the difference between the airway architecture that ventilates the right middle and the left lingular lobes of the lung?

 

250-251 

Definition
The right middle lobe is ventilated by 2 segmental bronchi that are derived from a distinct lobular bronchus from the right principal bronchus. The lingular lobe also recieves 2 segmental bronchi but they are not derived from a distinct lobar bronchus. Rather, the upper lobar bronchus (there are 2 on the left) gives off a superior and inferior (also lingular) division, and the inferior division gives rise to the two segmental bronchy that supply the lingular lobe.
Term
What are the major divisions of the airways starting from the trachea?
Definition
The trachea bifurcates into the right and left principal bronchi. The principal bronchi branch into the lobar bronchi, and the lobar bronchi branch into the segmental bronchi.
Term
What are the principal efferent blood vessels of the lung?
Definition
The pulmonary trunk branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries.
Term
What is the structure that is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus?
Definition
Ligamentum arteriosum.
Term
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
Definition
The remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus.
Term
What are the principal afferent blood vessels of the lungs?
Definition
The right and left superior and inferior pulmonary veins.
Term
What structures give rise to the bronchial arteries?
Definition
The left bronchial arteries (there are two) are derived from the thoracic aorta at the level of T5 and at the level of the left principal bronchus. The right bronchial artery is derived from the 3rd, 4th, or 5th posterior intercostal artery.
Term
What blood vessels drain the pulmonary supportive vascular beds?
Definition
The bronchial veins.
Term
What tissue of the great vessels is continuous with the fibrous pericardium?
Definition
The adventitia of the great vessels.
Term
What are the layers of the pericardium?
Definition
The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer. Deep to that is the serous pericardium, which is composed of parietal and visceral layers.
Term
What is the paricardial cavity?
Definition
The potential space between the two layers of visceral pericardium (the parietal and visceral layers).
Term
What are the superficial surfaces of the heart?
Definition
The base, the apex, the diaphragmatic (inferior) surface, the sternocostal (anterior) surface, and the right and left (pulmonary) surfaces.
Term
What chamber of the heart makes up the majority of the apex?
Definition
The left ventricle.
Term
What chamber of the heart makes up the majority of the base?
Definition
The left atrium.
Term
What chamber of the heart is most prominent on the sternocostal surface?
Definition
The right ventircle?
Term
What structures make up the right border of the surface of the heart?
Definition
The superior vena cava, the right atrium, and the inferior vena cava.
Term
What structures make up the left border of the surface of the heart?
Definition
The aortic arch, the pulmonary trunk, the left auricle, and the left ventricle.
Term
What are the three venous openings in the right atrium?
Definition
The openings for the inferior and superior vena cavas, and the coronary sinus.
Term
What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and ventricle?
Definition
The tricuspid valve.
Term
What is the prominent structure seen inside the right atrium on the interatrial septum?
Definition
The fossa ovalis.
Term
What is the term for the prominent margin of the fossa ovalis?
Definition
The limbus fossa ovalis.
Term
What is the limbus fossa ovalis?
Definition
The prominent margin of the fossa ovalis.
Term
What is the structure that forms an outpouching from the right atrium anterior to the root of the aorta?
Definition
The right auricle.
Term
What is the sinus venarum?
Definition
The smooth-walled space on the posterior surface of the right atrium into which both vena cava empty. It is embryologically derived from the right horn of the sinus venosus.
Term
What is the term for the division on the internal surface of the right atrium between the smooth-walled sinus venarum and the atrium proper?
Definition
The crista terminalis.
Term
What are the ridges on the inside surface of the right atrium?
Definition
The pectinate muscles.
Term
What is the crista terminalis?
Definition
The line on the internal surface of the right atrium that divides the smooth-walled sinus venarum and the pectinate-muscle lined atrium proper.
Term
Why are there two distinct surface textures on the interior of the right atrium?
Definition
There are two distinct embryologic structures that fuse to give rise to the right atrium.
Term
What external anatomical feature of the heart delineates the boundary between the right atrium and ventricle?
Definition
The coronary sulcus, a linear depression on the anterior surface of the heart.
Term
What external anatomical feature of the heart delineates the boundary between the right and left ventricles?
Definition
There are two linear depressions, the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci.
Term
What is the term for the outflow tract of the right ventricle?
Definition
The conus arteriosus, or infundibulum.
Term
How do you delineate the infundibulum of the right ventricle from the remainder of the chamber looking at the intraventricular anatomy?
Definition
The infundibulum of the right ventricle is smooth-walled.
Term
What is the conus arteriosus?
Definition
The smooth walled outflow tract of the right ventricle.
Term
What structures connect the atrioventricular valves to the walls of the ventricles?
Definition
Papillary muscles anchored in the walls and septa of the ventricles attach to chordae tendinae, which are attached to the valve cusps.
Term
What is the term for the elongated muscular structures that pattern the walls of the ventricles?
Definition
Trabeculae carneae.
Term
What are the boundaries of the septomarginal trebecula?
Definition
Runs from the anterior papillary muscles to the interventricular septum.
Term
What is the structure that runs along the inner wall of the right ventricle between the intraventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscles or wall, traversing the apex, and that is made up of trebeculae carneae?
Definition
The septomarginal trebecula.
Term
What vessels enter the left atrium in the section that has a smooth wall?
Definition
The 4 pulmonary veins.
Term
What is the term for the outpouching structure of the left atrium?
Definition
The left auricle.
Term
What is the circular or ovular structure seen on the interatrial septum from either atria?
Definition
The foramen ovalis.
Term
What is the term for the thin lip or cusp of tissue that partly covers the inferior part of the foramen ovalis on the left atrial side?
Definition
The valvule of the froamen ovalis.
Term
What is the name for the left atrioventricular valve?
Definition
The mitral valve.
Term
What is the name for the right atrioventricular valve?
Definition
The tricuspid valve.
Term
What is the term for the wall that separates the two ventricles?
Definition
The interventricular septum.
Term
What are the names for the three pulmonic valvular cusps?
Definition
Right, left, and anterior.
Term
What are the names for the three aortic valvular cusps?
Definition
Right, left, and posterior.
Term
How can you tell which aortic valve cusp is the posterior cusp?
Definition
The posterior cusp of the aorta is the only one that does not have an associated orifice leading to a coronary artery.
Term
What structure/structures electrically insulate the atria from the ventricles?
Definition
The fibrous rings of the valves and the left and right fibrous trigones.
Term
What are the two main branches of the right coronary artery?
Definition
Posterior interventricular and right marginal arteries.
Term
What are the two main branches of the left coronary artery?
Definition
Anterior interventricular (or left anterior descending) and circumflex arteries.
Term
What structure do the cardiac veins drain through when they empty into the right atrium?
Definition
The coronary sinus.
Term
What is the location of the cardiac plexus?
Definition
Beneath the arch of the aorta and anterior to the tracheal bifurcation.
Term
What is the term for the plexus that delivers autonomic neurons to and from the heart?
Definition
The cardiac plexus.
Term
Does the cardiac plexus contain sympathetic ganglia?
Definition
No, the sympathetic neuronal axons that arrive at the cardiac plexus are already post-ganglionic and therefore continue through to innervate structures in the heart.
Term
What is the term for the structure that conducts electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles?
Definition
The atrioventricular bundle.
Term
What is the term for the structures that conduct electrical signals through ventricles?
Definition
Right and left bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
Term
What are the main branches of the aortic arch?
Definition
Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian artery.
Term
What arteries branch from the thoracic descending aorta?
Definition
Several posterior intercostals, a bronchial, and some esophageal arteries.
Term
Where does the right vagus nerve give rise to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve, and what is its pathway?
Definition
The right recurrent laryngeal nerve brances from the right vagus nerve inferiorly to the root of the right subclavian artery. It passes posterior to the subclavian a. and travels superiorly in a groove between the trachea and esophagus.
Term
Where does the left vagus nerve give rise to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve, and what is its pathway?
Definition
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve branches from the left vagus at the level of the arch of the aorta, passes inferior then posterior to the arch of the aorta, then travels superiorly between the esophagus and trachea.
Term
What nerve passes just lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum?
Definition
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Term
What is the term for the structure that forms a fibrous connection between the arch of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?
Definition
The ligamentum arteriosum.
Term
What vertebral spinal cord segments give rise to the phrenic nerves?
Definition
C3, C4, and C5.
Term
Which nerves run more anterior, phrenic or vagus?
Definition
The phrenic nerves run more anterior.
Term
Where does the azygous vein empty?
Definition
The superior vena cava.
Term
What is the path of the azygous vein?
Definition
It travels superiorly through the right posterior mediastinum, arches over the right root of the lung, and empties in to the superior vena cava.
Term
Which vagus nerve becomes the posterior vagal trunk?
Definition
The right vagus nerve.
Term
Which vagus nerve becomes the anterior vagal trunk?
Definition
The left vagus nerve.
Term
What structure will the left vagus nerve give rise to inferiorly.
Definition
The anterior vagal trunk and part of the esophageal plexus.
Term
What structure will the right vagus nerve give rise to inferiorly?
Definition
The posterior vagal trunk and part of the esophageal plexus.
Term
What nerve gives rise to the esophageal plexus?
Definition
Both right and left vagal nerves.
Term
What are the structures that connect the sympathetic trunk and the spinal nerves at each spinal cord level between T1 to L2?
Definition
Rami comunicantes.
Term
What are the two veins that parallel the spinal cord on the left then cross the midline to empty into the azygous vein.
Definition
The accessory hemiazygous vein up top and the hemiazygous vein down below.
Term
Who's a good dog?
Definition
Scooter is a good dog.
Term
Where does the thoracic duct empty?
Definition
Into the left brachiocephalic vein lateral to the root of the left internal jugular vein.
Term
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Definition
The posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle anteriorly, the anterior border of the trapezius muscle posteriorly, and the clavicle inferiorly.
Term
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Definition
The midline of the neck medially, the inferior border of the mandible superiorly, and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid posteriolaterally.
Term
What dermatomes correspond to the base of the neck?
Definition
C3, C4, and C5.
Term
In what fascial layer is the platysma muscle located?
Definition
The superficial cervical fascia.
Term
True or false: The superficial cervical fascia of the neck terminates inferiorly at the clavicle.
Definition
False, the superficial cervical fascia is continuous with the subcutanious fascia present all over the body.
Term
What blood vessels are present in the superficial cervical fascia?
Definition
The anterior and external jugular veins.
Term
What are the three layers of the deep cervical fascia?
Definition
The superficial, middle or visceral, and deep layers of the deep cervical fascia.
Term
What two landmark muscle groups are contained within the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia?
Definition
The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
Term
At what vertebral level will you find the isthmus of the thyroid?
Definition
C7
Term
If you were to look at a cross-section at the level of C6, where would you find the thyroid?
Definition
The thyroid would appear as two structures on either side of the trachea.
Term
In what fascial layer is the thyroid situated?
Definition
The middle or visceral layer of the deep cervical fascia.
Term
What structures are situated within the middle or visceral cervical fascia?
Definition
The thyroid gland, the trachea, the esophagus, and the recurrent laryngeal nerves.
Term
What structures are contained within the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia?
Definition
Post and pre-vertebral muscles, as well as the scalene muscles located lateral to the vertebral column.
Term
What is the name of the tubular structure that contains the common and internal carotid arteries, the internal jugular veins, and the vagus nerves?
Definition
The carotid sheath.
Term
What structures are contained within the carotid sheath?
Definition
The common and internal carotid arteries, the internal jugular veins, and the vagus nerves?
Term
Does the carotid sheath contain all branches of the common carotid arteries?
Definition
No, the external carotid arteries leave the carotid sheath to deliver blood to the neck and face.
Term
What veins drain the scalp and the superficial and deep face?
Definition
The anterior and external jugular veins.
Term
What vessels do the anterior and external jugular veins drain into?
Definition
The subclavian veins.
Term
What is the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Definition
Originates both from the manubrium and the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle, and inserts in and behind the mastoid process.
Term
What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius muscle?
Definition
Originates at the midline of the back and inserts on the scapula and the lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle.
Term
What fascial layer are the strap muscles located?
Definition
The superficial or investing layer of the deep cervical fascia.
Term
Another term for the strap muscles?
Definition
Infrahyoid muscles.
Term
What nerve is found in the carotid sheath?
Definition
The vagus nerve.
Term
What nerve is found in the middle or visceral layer of the deep cervical fascia?
Definition
The recurrent laryngeal nerves.
Term
What are the four skeletal landmarks of the anterior neck, from most superior to most inferior?
Definition
The hyoid bone, the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the trachea with all its rings and stuff.
Term
What is the name for the fibrous structure that spans the space between the hyoid and the thyroid cartilage?
Definition
Thyrohyoid membrane.
Term
What are the three muscles termed the lateral vertebral muscles of the neck?
Definition
The scalene muscles.
Term
What blood vessel crosses over the first rib anterior to the anterior sclaene muscle?
Definition
The subclavian vein.
Term
what blood vessel crosses over the first rib anterior to the middle scalene muscle?
Definition
The subclavian artery.
Term
What are the insertion points of the scalene muscles?
Definition
The anterior and middle scalene muscles insert on the first fib. The posterior scalene muscle inserts on the second rib.
Term
What is the term for the collection of ventral primary rami that pass between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?
Definition
The brachial plexus.
Term
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
Definition
The ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C5 through T1.
Term
What structure lies posterior to the phrenic nerve as it travels through the base of the neck into the thorax?
Definition
The anterior scalene muscle.
Term
What muscle connects the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage on the anterior surfaces.
Definition
The cricothyroid muscle.
Term
What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
Definition
The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve.
Term
Where is the cervical sympathetic trunk located with respect to surrounding structures?
Definition
Deep and medial to the carotid sheath, and anterior to the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia.
Term
What nerve is contained within the carotid sheath?
Definition
The vagus nerve.
Term
What nerve is contained within the middle or visceral layer of the deep cervical fascia?
Definition
The recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Term
Where is the phrenic nerve located in the fascial layers of the base of the neck?
Definition
In the lateral and anterior portion of the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia.
Term
What blood vessels are located in the carotid sheath?
Definition
The common and internal carotid arteries and the internal jugular vein.
Term
What is the first branch of the external carotid artery?
Definition
The superior thyroid artery.
Term
What are the first three branches from the subclavian artery?
Definition
The vertebral and internal thoracic arteries and the thyrocervical trunk.
Term
What vessel gives rise to the internal thoracic artery?
Definition
The subclavian artery.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!