Term
|
Definition
| junction between abdomen and thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medial border of rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral border of rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pubic symphysis is the midline cartilaginous joint (secondary cartilaginous) uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones. It is located anterior to the urinary bladder and superior to the external genitalia; for females it is above the vulva and for males it is above the penis. In males, the suspensory ligament of the penis attaches to the pubic symphysis. In females, the pubic symphysis is intimately close to the clitoris. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface landmark for anterior abdominal wall; a synonym for the navel or belly button |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis, which provides attachment for the
inguinal ligament,
the sartorius muscle, and the
tensor fasciae latae.
A - Anterior (front, like the face)
S - Superior (towards the head, opposite to feet)
I - Iliac (Pelvis bone)
S - Spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon.
Flat expanded tendons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Latin ipse; self/same): on the same side as another structure. Thus, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contralateral (Latin contra; against): on the opposite from another structure. Thus, the left arm is contralateral to the right arm, or the right leg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hernia is the protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. |
|
|
Term
| Identify the functions of the anterior abdominal wall. |
|
Definition
Contract to increase intre-abdominal pressure
Distend considerably to accomodate expansions. |
|
|
Term
| Identify the boundaries of the anterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| Anterior is the thoracic diaphragm and extends into the thoracic cage to the 4th intercostal space. And Inferiorly to the plane of the pelvic inlet (not phys). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the pelvic cavity, the space enclosed by the pelvic girdle, subdivided into
* the greater or false pelvis (inferior part of the abdominal cavity) and
* the lesser or true pelvis which provides the skeleton for the perineum and the pelvic cavity (which are separated by the pelvic diaphragm), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Identify
Illiac crest
ASIS
Inguinal Ligament
Ala of Sacrum
Ilium
Arcuate Line
Pectineal Line
Pubic Tubercle
Articular (auricular) surface of sacroiliac joint
Pubis
Ischium |
|
|
Term
| What are the four quadrants of the abdomincal cavity and by what planes are they defined? (surface topography) |
|
Definition
Right and Left Upper and Lower Quadrants.
1. Transverse Transumbilical Plane passes through the umbilicus and IV disc between L3 and L4.
2. Vertical Median Plane which passes longitudinally through the body.
These are used for general clinical descriptions |
|
|
Term
Abdominal regions:
What are the transverse planes? |
|
Definition
1. Subcostal Plane - passes through the inferior order of the 10th costal cartilage on each side to L3.
2. Transtubercular plane- passing through the iliac tubercles and the body of L5 tubercle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at 9th costal cartilage to L1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Based on two horizonal and two vertical planes. 9 regions
Midclavicular Lines to the point where the head of femur attaches
Right Hypochondral
Epigastric
Left Hypochondral
(these are all above the 10 costal cartilage...above the subcostal plane)
Right Lumbar AKA Flank
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
(these are all above the transtubercular plane)
Right Inguinal (Groin)
Hypogastric (Pubic)
Left Inguinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary spasms of the muscles (guards inflamed organs); intense guarding can be a sign of acute abdomen (appendicitis)/ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Traditional approach for an appendectomy
McBurney's point is on Spinoumbilical line. From the umbilicus to the ASIS. The incision would be made 2/3 from the umbilicus and 1/3 from the ASIS.
Appendix is mobile; in right lower quadrant. It is attached to the cecum.
Appendix in mobile; in right lower quadrant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Longitudinal (Most commonly used large abdomincal incision and good for laparotomy)
Midline
Paramedian
Transrectal
What incision is used is dependent on speed, (i.e., during hemorrhage); previoud adbominal surgery; potential placement for stomas. |
|
|
Term
Incisions:
Oblique
Transverse
Combined |
|
Definition
-Oblique
Subcostal
McBurney’s; parallel to ext oblique muscle
-Transverse
Pfannenstiel- used by gynecologists and urologists
-Combined
Thoraco-abdominal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal lines of tension of the skin
parallel incision:
will heal faster
less possibility of scarring and formation of postoperative hernia
a vertical incision leads to:
cutting motor nn, leading to atrophy of muscle
bad scarring
breakdown of sutures and infection
bad cosmetics, debilitation, and possible lawsuits by patient |
|
|
Term
| List the Abdominal Fascia on Upper Abdomen (above umbilicus) |
|
Definition
| Skin > Superficial fascia > Deep Fascia |
|
|
Term
| Abdominal Fascia on Lower Abdomen (below umbilicus) |
|
Definition
| Skin > Fatty Fascia (Camper) > Membranous Fascia (Scarpa) > Deep Fascia |
|
|
Term
| MEMBRANOUS FASCIA (SCARPA’S FASCIA) |
|
Definition
Scarpa’s fascia becomes Colle’s fascia in perineum.
Membranous layer extends down into the perineal (genital) region, however it does not go into the thigh. |
|
|
Term
| In males, what happens when the dartos tunic ruptures? |
|
Definition
| Urine can extravasate into abdominal wall. |
|
|
Term
| Layers of Fascia and what do they do for the muscles? |
|
Definition
-Skin
- Superficial Fatty Layer (Camper fascia)
- Deep Membranous Layer (Scarpa Fascia)
- Superficial investing Fascia
- External Oblique Muscle
- Intermediate Investing Fascia
- Internal Oblique Muscle
- Deep Investing Fascia
- Transverse Abdominis
- Endoabdominal (Transversalis) Fasica
- Extraperitoneal Fat
- Parietal Peritoneum
- Parietal Layer
- Visceral Layer
- Fascia allow the muscles to work independently, without friction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Campers fascia goes over the inguinal ligament and is continuous with the superficial fascia of the thigh. In men it is continuous with the dartos fascia in scrotum and in women, it retains its fat and is continuous with a component of the labia majora. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains little fat and can hold a suture. It fuses with the fascia lata of the thigh. It continues into the anterior part of the perineum where it is referred to as the superficial perineal fascia (Colles’ fascia). |
|
|
Term
What are the two major groups of muscles in the abdomin?
What is their Function? |
|
Definition
Flat layered muscles
2 Vertical Rectus Abdominis
Muscles protect the viscera and play a role in quiet and forced expiration. |
|
|
Term
| What are the directions which the muscles of the abdomen lie? |
|
Definition
External Oblique: Hands in the pockets
Internal Oblique: Hands out
Transversus Abdominis: Horizonatal |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the deep fascia that lies on the abdominal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External, internal oblique and transverse abdominis end anteriorly in a strong aponeurosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Absent in ~20% of people
Lies in rectus sheath anterior to the inferior part of the rectus abdominis. It ends in the linea alba and tenses it. |
|
|
Term
| What is in the Rectus Sheath? |
|
Definition
Contents:
Rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis
Sup and Inf epigastric arteries and veins
Lymphatics
Ant rami of T7-T12 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rectus muscle has attachments to the anterior layer of the sheath called tendinous intersections. The rectus muscle has been removed on the left side to expose posterior wall of the sheath. The arcuate line represents a change in the layers of the sheath. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the rectus sheath above the arcuate line |
|
Definition
Anterior: EO and 1/2IO
Posterior: 1/2IO and Transversus Abdominis (TA) |
|
|
Term
| Describe rectus sheath below the arcuate line |
|
Definition
Anterior: EO + IO + TA
Posterior: Direct contact with Transversalis Fascia |
|
|
Term
| Where is the extraperitoneal fascia |
|
Definition
| viscera in this fascia are retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| Parietal Peritoneum: what is the difference among men and women? |
|
Definition
| Peritoneal cavity is closed in men but has 2 openings in women (uterine tubes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MOTOR
Netters 257
Lateral Cutaneous Branches of Intercostal Nerve (T2-11)
Anterior Cutaneous Branches of Intercostal Nerve (T1-11)
Lateral and Anterior Cutaneous Branches of subcostal nerve (T12)
Lateral cutaneous branch of Iliohypogastric N (L1)
Ilioinguinal nerve (L1) and its anterior scrotal branch
Femoral branches of genitofermoral nerve (L1, 2).
Intercostal nerves btw internal oblique and transversus abdominis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the imp dermatomes of the abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
T7 = xiphoid process
T10=umbilicus
T12=suprapubic region
L1=upper medial thigh
& genitalia |
|
|
Term
| ARTERIES of the Ant. Abdominal wall |
|
Definition
Netters 255
Intercostal arteries (5)
Subcostal arteries
Lumbar arteries (4)
Superior epigastric artery—internal thoracic artery
Inferior epigastric artery -external iliac artery
Deep iliac circumflex artery- external iliac artery |
|
|
Term
Superficial Venous Drainage
What are these veins called |
|
Definition
Superficial (unpaired) veins drain the superficial fascia to the axillary, femoral and paraumbilical veins
paraumbilical vvs drain into the portal system, Paraumbilical v anastomose with superficial epigastric v, which forms a portal-caval anastomoses.
superior epigastric v and superior circumflex iliac drain into femoral v. |
|
|
Term
| What do the deep veins drain into? |
|
Definition
| Deep veins travel with the arteries in the previous slide and drain to the IVC, azygos, subclavian and external iliac veins. |
|
|
Term
| Lateral thoracic v and thoracoepigastric |
|
Definition
drain into subclavian v
netters 256 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the appearance of distended and engorged paraumbilical veins, which are seen radiating from the umbilicus across the abdomen to join systemic veins. |
|
|
Term
| What causes Caput Medusae? |
|
Definition
| It is a sign of severe portal hypertension that has decompressed by portal-systemic shunting through the paraumbilical veins. |
|
|
Term
| Lymph Deep drainage: Anterior |
|
Definition
Intercostal Lymphatic Nodes
Parasternal Lymphatic Nodes |
|
|
Term
| Lymph Deep drainage: Middle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph Deep drainage: Lower |
|
Definition
| External Iliac Lymphatic Nodes |
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of the Triangle of Hasselbach? |
|
Definition
Lat: Inf. Epi Vessels
Med: Semilunar line of rectuc sheath
Inf: Inguinal ligament from ext. oblique aponeurosis.
Potential sites for the less common direct inguinal hernias |
|
|
Term
| Lateral umbilical ligaments contains.... |
|
Definition
| Inferior epigastric vessels; branches of external iliac vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(ventral mesentery)
Attaches to the liver
Becomes canalised if the individual is suffering from portal hypertension, due to the increase in venous congestion blood is pushed down from the liver towards the anterior abdominal wall and pools resulting in periumbilical bruising. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (obliterated umbilical vein; to paraumbilical vein) |
|
|
Term
| Medial umbilical ligaments |
|
Definition
(obliterated umbilical arteries)
It may be used as a landmark for surgeons exploring the medial inguinal fossa during laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. |
|
|
Term
| Median umbilical ligament |
|
Definition
(obliterated urachus)
It may be used as a landmark for surgeons who are performing laparoscopy, such as laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. |
|
|
Term
| ABDOMINAL MUSCULAR WALL PRESSURIZES ABDOMEN when... |
|
Definition
Cough
Sneeze
Urinate
Defecate
Birth
Lifting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aorta
Uterus (if enlarged)
Bladder (if distended) |
|
|
Term
| RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT (RUQ ) |
|
Definition
Liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Right kidney and adrenal
Hepatic flexure of colon
Part of ascending and transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| LEFT UPPER QUADRANT (LUQ) |
|
Definition
Stomach
Spleen
Left lobe of liver
Body of pancreas
Left kidney and adrenal
Splenic flexure of colon
Part of transverse and descending colon |
|
|
Term
| RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT (RLQ) |
|
Definition
Cecum
Appendix
Right ovary and tube
Right ureter
Right spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
| LEFT LOWER QUADRANT (LLQ) |
|
Definition
Part of descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Left ovary and tube
Left ureter
Left spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protrusion of omentum (fold of periotonuem) or an organ thru a surgical incision. If the mmuscular and aponeurotic layers of the abdomen do not heal properly.... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
congenital onset
protrudes through the inguinal ring and is ultimately the result of the failure of embryonic closure of the internal inguinal ring after the testicle passes through it
covered by internal spermatic fascia
lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adult onset
enters through a weak point in the fascia of the abdominal wall (Hesselbach triangle); NOT covered by internal spermatic fascia; medial to inferior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatics in the region above the umbilicus |
|
Definition
| Drain into the axillary lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatics in the region below the umbilicous |
|
Definition
| Drain into the superficial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
| From where do the Superficial inguinal lymph nodes receive their lymph? |
|
Definition
Lower abdominal wall
Buttocks
Penis
Scrotum
Labium Majus
Lower parts of the vagina
Anal Canal
These nodes have vessels which enter the external iliac nodes and ultimately the lumbar (aortic) nodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organs are retroperitoneal if they only have peritoneum on their anterior side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and covers much of its viscera. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines the cavity; somatic innervation; well localized pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers the viscera; visceral afferents; diffuse pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attached the liver to the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Somatic innervation of the parietal peritoneum |
|
Definition
phrenic
lower intercostal
subcostal
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What does the greater omentum cover? |
|
Definition
It hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach.
It covers the transverse colon and other abdominal organs, transverse colon and small intestine (jejunum and ileum). |
|
|
Term
| How is the Rt Testicular vein diff from the LT? |
|
Definition
| Rt comes off of the IVC while LT comes off of the LT RV |
|
|
Term
| What are the veins of the testes? |
|
Definition
| Pampiniform plexus; testicular vein |
|
|
Term
| What and from where is the artery supplying the testes? |
|
Definition
| Testicular Arteries from the AA just below renal artery @ L2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What veins do the testicular veins anastomose with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the lymph drain into from the testis? |
|
Definition
Into the Lumbar/Para-aortic nodes.
These are on the AA |
|
|
Term
| What nerves and through which spinal cord segment innervate the testis? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic Lesser and least splanchnic nerves and T10-T12. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pampiniform plexus? |
|
Definition
| Countercurrent heat exchanger |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cremaster muscle? |
|
Definition
| Pulls up and down the testis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Dartos Muscle? |
|
Definition
| Causes wrinkling of the skin |
|
|
Term
| What is in the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
Testis, Epididymus, Das Deferens, Artery to DD, testicular A, Cremasteric A,
Tunica Albugenia
Tunica Vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of coverings of the tests and spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
1. External Spermatic Fascia
2. Cremaster Fascia
3. Internal Spermatic Fascia
4. Tunica Vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| What are the glands that derive from ducts and urethra? |
|
Definition
- prostate
- bulbuourethral (cowper's gland)
- Seminal vesicles/glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the Florence's test? |
|
Definition
COnfirmation of rape.
Seminal vesicles produce the seminal fructose (alkaline) |
|
|
Term
| What is the male and female version of water under the bridge? |
|
Definition
The ureter is the water under the bridge of vas deferens.
The uterine artery is the bridge ontop of the ureter |
|
|
Term
| What is the fibromuscular component of the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
1/3 fibromuscular
2/3 glandular |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the anterior lobe o the prostate? |
|
Definition
| is anterior to prostatic urethra – fibromuscular |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the posterior lobe of the prostate? |
|
Definition
| posterior to prostatic urethra & inferior to ejaculatory duct (ED) – predisposed to malignant transformation |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the lateral lobes of the prostate? |
|
Definition
| involved in benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia (BPH), |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the middle (median = Albarran's) lobe of the prostate? |
|
Definition
BOO = bladder outlet obstruction due to valve-like effect of the enlarged gland), mainly glandular – benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) in 80% of all men by 80 years of age,
Also is the only one not palpable per rectum |
|
|
Term
| What is the peripheral zone and central zone respectively of prostate the site of? |
|
Definition
cancer
central zone is primary site for benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Why is the verumontanum in prostatectomy an imp lanmark? |
|
Definition
| Is is here where the surgons can reach the median lobe with a laser by resectting from there to neck of bladder. |
|
|
Term
| What is between the true and false capsules? |
|
Definition
| between the true & false capsules is the prostatic venous plexus continuous with deep dorsal vein of penis & vesical venous plexus |
|
|
Term
| Prostatectomy approaches? |
|
Definition
| transurethral, retropubic, transvesical |
|
|
Term
| Is the bladder retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urinary incontinence (involuntary loss of urine) at any age when continence is considered normal (generally after 5 years) |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the verumontanum/Seminal colliculus? |
|
Definition
| In upper part of urethral crest |
|
|
Term
What arteries supply the prostate?
What veins supply?
What is the lymphatic drainage of prostate?
What are its innervations> |
|
Definition
ARTERIES : inferior vesical , deferential (from inferior vesical) & inferior rectal arteries
VEINS: prostatic venous plexus at base of prostate between the 2 prostatic capsules, & sacral
LYMPHATICS : lymph drains into internal iliac & sacral nodes
NERVES : inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
| What does the inferior vesical artery supple? |
|
Definition
EPIDIDYMIS/DUCTUS DEFERENS :
EJACULATORY DUCT
SEMINAL GLANDS
BLADDER
LOWER URETER |
|
|
Term
| What is Male Sterilzation called? |
|
Definition
DEFERENTECTOMY
REVERSIBLE BUT... |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the seminal colliculus or verumontanum? |
|
Definition
| During the procedure an eye should be kept on the seminal colliculus or verumontanum – the resectoscope should be kept above this structure in order not to damage the urethral sphincter open prostatectomy – retropubic, transvesical |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of PUBO-PROSTATIC (M) OR PUBOVESICAL (F) LIGAMENTS? |
|
Definition
| On lateral surface of bladder and anchor it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the support of the Bladder? |
|
Definition
PELVIC DIAPHRAGM ,
UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM ,
ENDOPELVIC FASCIA ,
MEDIAN UMBILICAL LIGAMENT ,
MEDIAL UMBILICAL LIGAMENT |
|
|
Term
| What about the Base (fundus) of the bladder? |
|
Definition
TRIANGULAR
UPPER PART COVERED BY PERITONEUM
4 DUCTS REST HERE : VAS CROSS URETERS & SEPARATE SEMINAL VESICLES,
RECTOVESICAL POUCH / SEPTUM (M) ,
VESICOVAGINAL POUCH (F). |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the neck of the bladder? |
|
Definition
LOWEST & ONLY PART WHERE BLADDER IS FIXED
3 SURFACES MEET AT BASE OF PROSTATE ,
PIERCED BY URETHRA
HELD IN PLACE BY LIGAMENTS ,
HERE SMOOTH MUSCLES FIBERS OF BOTH PROSTATE & BLADDER ARE CONTINUOUS, |
|
|
Term
| What about the detrusor muscle? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic- Hypogastric N (T10-L2)
Parasympathetic- Pelvic N(S2-4)
Forms the Internal urethreal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| The Bladder wall is made up of what cells? |
|
Definition
| Folds of mucous membrane (transitional epithelium) , except at the trigone, |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the URETERO-VESICAL VALVE and where is it on the ureter? |
|
Definition
NO REFLUX ,
ONE OF THE NARROW POINTS OF THE URETER . |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in genders when it comes to the EUS? |
|
Definition
1. Upper part in male compromised by prostate, but lower part maintains competence
Upper part in females fairly circumferencial, but lower part is compromised by vagina (urethrovaginal sphincter) : hence continence is compromised. |
|
|
Term
| What about the EUS should I know? |
|
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Innervated by Pudendal nerve
Separated from pelvic diaphragm
Tube-like |
|
|
Term
| Subcostal T12 innervates what? |
|
Definition
EO,IO, Transverse, Rectus Abdominis, Pyramidalis M
Penetrates the transverse abdominal muscle and runs btw it and IO. |
|
|
Term
| What about the penile and scrotal raphe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between corpus cavernosum penis and corpus spongiosum penis? |
|
Definition
| corpus spongiosum penis is inside sorpus cavernosum penis like a hotdog |
|
|
Term
| What is the fundiform ligament? |
|
Definition
Remeber the Scarpa part of it!
The fundiform ligament is a specialization, thickening, of the superficial (Scarpa's) fascia extending from the linea alba of the lower abdominal wall.
It runs from the level of the pubic bone, laterally around the sides of the penis like a sling, and then unites at the base of the penis before going to the septum of the scrotum.
It is just superficial to the suspensory ligament.
Although rarely mentioned, this ligament is also found in females. |
|
|
Term
| What is the functions of the corpus spongiosum penis? |
|
Definition
| The function of the corpus spongiosum in erection is to prevent the urethra from pinching closed, thereby maintaining the urethra as a viable channel for ejaculation. To do this, the corpus spongiosum remains pliable during erection while the corpora cavernosum penis becomes engorged with blood. |
|
|
Term
| What fascia is the suspensory ligament made from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impeding of what veins is responsible for the turgidity of the penis during erection? |
|
Definition
| Deep dorsal vein of corpus cavernosa |
|
|
Term
| The tunica albuginea covers the 3 cylinders of the cavernous tissue, why is it more lose on the spongiosum? |
|
Definition
| Allows easy passage of the ejaculate during ejaculation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the arteries of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
| External and internal pupendal arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are the nerves of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
| Pudendal (post), Ilioinguinal (ant), genito-femoral (a-lat), posterior femoral cutaneous. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 coverings, arteries, nerves and other structures of the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
3 COVERINGS ; external, cremasteric & internal spermatic fasciae,
3 ARTERIES : testicular, cremasteric & vas (ductus)
3 NERVES : ilioinguinal, genital branch of genitofemoral, & sympathetic on vessels
3 OTHER STRUCTURES : vas (ductus) deferens, pampiniform plexus of veins, lymphatics |
|
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Term
| What is the vasculature and innervation of the vulva? |
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Definition
VESSELS :
1. ARTERIES:
- internal pudendal
- external pudendal
2. VEINS: VENAE COMMITANTES
3. LYMPHATICS : Superficial inguinal Nodes
NERVERS :
1. SOMATIC: ilio-inguinal nerve, pudendal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve,
2. AUTONOMIC: pelvic splanchnic nerves – from sacral plexus. |
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Term
| What nerves are responsible for erection, emission, and ejaculation? |
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Definition
ERECTION : mediated by nitric oxide (NO)-releasing pelvic splanchnic nerves PSN = S2-4), which causes relaxation of smooth muscles of helicine arteries (vasodilatation)
EMISSION : lumbar splanchnic nerve mediated delivery of semen from all sources to the prostatic urethra by testicular tubules,
EJACULATION : expulsion of ejaculate from prostatic urethra ; mediated by sympathetic, parasympathetic & somatic nerves :
- sympathetic (L1-2): closure of internal urethral sphincter,
- ?parasympathetic (PSN) : contraction of urethral smooth muscle,
- somatic (pudendal) : contraction of bulbospongiosus & ischiocavernosus. |
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