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The superior of a monastery. ( Abbr. Abb. ) Used as a title for such a person. [Middle English abbod , from Old English, from Late Latin abbās, abbāt
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Absolute monarchy is an idealized form of government, a monarchy where the ruler has the power to rule his or her country and citizens freely with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition telling him or her what to do, although some religious authority may be able to discourage the monarch from some acts and the sovereign is expected to act according to custom. As a theory of civics, absolute monarchy puts total trust in well-bred and well-trained monarchs raised for the role from birth
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(Gr. akros, top, polis, city), literally the upper part of a town. For purposes of defence early settlers naturally chose elevated ground, frequently a hill with precipitous sides, and these early citadels became in many parts of the world the nuclei of large cities which grew up on the surrounding lower ground.
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is a building material composed of sandy clay and (usually) straw, which can be cast into bricks or shaped directly into walls using wooden frames. Adobe structures are easily damaged by excessive moisture, but offer significant advantages in hot, dry climates, as they remain cooler than alternatives based on more "modern" materials
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For some the central claim of agnosticism is that the existence of God is inherently unknowable, while for others it is that the existence of God is either uncertain or subject to doubt.
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a central area in Greek cities used both as a marketplace and as a meeting place
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one who believes in the absence of government or law
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(n.) a temporary peace, halt in fighting
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one who does not believe in the existence of any god or divine being
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(n.) an extremely wicked, brutal, or cruel act; something very bad or unpleasant
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The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles
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given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive; one at war, one engaged in war
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The book that contains the writings or scriptures that Christians recognize as the written word of God.
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From the Greek for "overseer." By divine institution, he succeeds the Apostles through the Holy Spirit who is given to him. He is constituted a Pastor in the Church, to be the teacher of doctrine, the priest of sacred worship, and the minister of governance.
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the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
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in the belief system established in Aryan India, the single spiritual power that resides in all things
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elected representatives to a lawmaking body in the English colony.
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An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)
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the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
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traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living
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traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living
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a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
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a member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to it by birth or naturalization and is entitled to full civil rights
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a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit
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a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology
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conflict between opposing groups of citizens of the same country
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a collection of things sharing a common attribute
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A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
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Group of people who settle in a distant land but are still ruled by the government of their native land
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Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
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a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
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Compulsory draft into military service
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Emperor Constantine,AD 330 moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city Byzantium in the east, and renamed the city. This city became the capital of the Roman empire. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes.
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formal document written in 1787 that explained the structure of the government of the United States and how power would be distributed
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a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
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the spread of cultural elements from one society to another
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The principle that when civilizations interact there is an exchange of ideas as each culture, way of life impacts the other.
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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
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a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment
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nation with established agriculture and industry, advanced technology, and a strong educational system
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Political leader who rules a country with absolute power, usually by force
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In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties
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(n.) a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time
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pertaining to or of the nature of a union of states under a central government distinct from the individual governments of the separate states
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A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
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in buddhism a set of guidelines on how to escape suffering (right understanding, right speech, right livelihood, right concentration, right mindfulness, right effort, right action, right intention)
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An age, under Elizabeth's rule, where renaissance ideas and styles flourished.Age of William Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.
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The movement of individuals out of a population.
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a long, low ancient ship propelled by oars; the kitchen of a ship or airplane
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people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility
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large, thick body of slowly moving ice
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the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.
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principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Latin for the body is owned
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A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
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plantation owned by the Spanish settlers or the catholic Church in Spanish America
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a member of a certain class of servants in ancient Sparta
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a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a
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the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings
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power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs
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Period of time when huge sheets of ice covered much of the earth's land, formed from ocean water, leaving ocean levels lower than they are now which exposed dry land that connected the continents.
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a representation or image of a sacred personage, often considered sacred itself; an image or picture; a symbol; a graphic symbol on a computer monitor display; an object of blind devotion
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one who attacks or undermines traditional conventions or institutions
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Images or image patterns with specific connotations or meanings
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to bring a product from one country into another so that it can be sold there
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
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migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
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Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
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increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money
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the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
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Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987
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supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc
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the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran
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a religion founded in India in the 6th century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore should not be harmed
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Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)
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a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)
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is one of the oldest of monotheistic faiths. They trace themselves to israelites who created the kingdom of israel. They recorded their history and examined it for meaning in the hebrew bible
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| a person who has learned the basics of a career as an apprentice but is still learning from masters and has not yet opened his own shop |
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the branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice
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An area of dense, tropical vegetation, including trees, grasses, reeds, and vines.
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A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)
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the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918
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a monarchy with a king or queen as head of state
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the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
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huge estates owned by wealthy families
latifundia
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an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator
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A military unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback.
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the branch of government that makes the laws.
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an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator
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Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.
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This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights
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relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother
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the resources (lands, tools, equipment, factories, transportation, and labor) essential to the production and distribution of goods and services
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aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century
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Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.
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a professional soldier hired by a foreign army
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a foreigner who is not a citizen but is protected by the laws of athens. Metics were usually shopkeepers, traders, craftsmen, or moneylenders.
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of or pertaining to a large city, its surrounding suburbs, and other neighboring communities.
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move from one country or region to another and settle there
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the policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war
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someone sent on a mission--especially a religious or charitable mission to a foreign country
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