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| -Heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire -assassination during "Goodwill tour" sparks WWI |
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| Central Powers (Triple Alliance) |
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| Austria, Germany, Ottoman Empire |
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| Serbia, Russia, France and Great Britain |
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| limited goals, usually land; fought with small, professional armies; fewer weapons; government and armies were the people most effected by war |
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| WWI is first one; complete commitment to war; large militarizes with drafted soldiers; more sophisticated weapons; goal is total inhalation of enemy; everyone is involved in war effort which makes civilians legitimate targets. |
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| predominant fighting tactic; 6-7 feet deep from 3 miles to 300 miles long; make WWI a stalemate - no one winning, but a lot of people dying |
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| 5 Reasons US moves towards war |
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1. cultural ties: culturally tied to Great Britain and France
2. British propaganda: one sided information
3. Ego: world power needs to be involved; fight to be part of the peace treaty
4. economics: 1915 British prevent US from trading with central powers; US becomes financially invested in winning the war |
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| German submarines to try and control Atlantic ocean sinking all ships that weren't American or German. |
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| May 1915 - U-boat sinks 128 American civilians sunk |
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| send Zimmerman Telegraph to Mexico: British intercept it before it gets to Mexico: if US declares war on Germany, Mexico should regain its stolen territory in the US. |
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| regulate economy, and provide everything and anything needed for war effort. |
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| Committee on Public Information |
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| provide public with information on the war; some information inaccurate. |
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| 1917 - made it illegal to spy, and sabotage the war effort |
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| 1918 - illegal to speak or write against federal government, the war effort, the allied cause or the armed forces, cause Americans to spy on one another, suspicious of Germans |
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War and Peace Aims
1. Wanted no more secret alliances
2. Freedom of the Seas
4. World War Disarmourment
5. Every nation should have self determination - determine what type of government they want
14. Wilson proposed the League of Nations - talk things out before going to war |
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| European nations to talk things out before going into war |
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Germany, Austria and Russia not part of writing the treaty
- officially create league of nations
- punishes Germany with Article 231 |
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| Article 231 (War Guilt Clause) |
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Germany had to admit guilt for war, disarm and cut size of army, navy and air force, give up all colonies, pay allies reparations
- German civilian government forced to sign Treaty of Versailles |
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| secretary of interior - Albert Fall transfers naval oil reserves from department of navy into his departments, then sells oil to private individuals, and keeps some money to himself - forced to resign |
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| extreme patriotism and paranoia - everything American is good but everything foreign is questionable and probably scary |
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| fear that communism and communists trying to filtrate and take over America; Eastern Europe, dies down by end of 1920s |
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| Attorney General conducted the palmerades: 1,000s of suspected communists were arrested, and several 100 were deported |
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| National Origins Quota Act |
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| 1924 - placed a cap on immigration set at 200,000 immigrants/year |
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| charged with and found guilty of and executed for armed robbery because they were Italian men - racial profiling |
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| D.W. Griffith's - Birth of a Nation: grow on the idea that if everybody knew their place in society, America would be safer. |
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| Evangelical movement where people turned to the Bible for traditions and and values, but took it to the extreme |
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| battle with evolutionists and creationalists: Tennessee, passed a law making it illegal to teach evolution in public schools and American Civil liberty union (ACLU) decides to challenge the law. John scopes purposely broke the law - trial leads to law being overturned |
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| mentality of embracing all of the changes and embracing life |
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| Second Industrial Revolution |
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| rebirth of big business and big production |
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| massive purchasing of goods, unnecessary luxury items, introduction of credit, car and radio |
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| emergence of black artists telling their stories, Harlem NY. create a bridge between blacks and white |
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| young, educated, professional women who were independence before marriage |
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| 25 and younger, all about rejecting society's ideas about how women should behave. |
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| Agriculture, railroad and coal - start to have problems and fail, Great Depression caused by cycle of decline |
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| purchasing of stocks through borrowing money from a stockbroker - caused the stock market to grow every year and increased the number of people invested in the market |
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| October 29, 1929 marked the beginning of the crash as well as being one of the worst days in the market history to that date. |
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| caused by combination of poor farming techniques and severe drought and high winds |
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| raised import tariffs to encourage Americans to buy American thus improvising the American economy |
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| provided $200 million for home loans - building homes is good for the economy because it creates jobs and spending |
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| Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
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| create in 1932 and invested federal money into banks, railroad and other businesses to create jobs and increase wages |
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| made up of WWI veterans - Hoover refuses to meet with the Bonus Army for their military bonuses |
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| Roosevelt had an overwhelming victory - immediately began work on the New Deal. |
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| was created but failed because there was no neutral party to help settle European disputes |
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| Charles Dawes in 1924: US loan $ to Germany, Germany takes half to pay reparation to G.B. and France, G.B. and France take half of that to pay loan to US |
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| Italy, Japan and Germany in the 1930s |
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| Italy: restore glory of Rome; Benito Mussolini; 1.Begin rebuild the Italian army 2.makes Italy's trains run on time 3.1935, Italy begins to colonize by invading Ethiopia. Japan: 1930s - looking at expansion; 1931-1932 Japan conquers Manchuria; 1937 launches full scale invasion on China Germany: |
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| sends German army; industrialized area of Germany that had been given to France during Treaty of Versailles, if France shows resistance to turn around, French told army to stand down and Germany took over |
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| fights between Spanish government and Francisco Franco who is trying to overthrow the government; Germany offers to help Franco win the war, so that Germany could use Spanish Civil War as a practice run for what was to come |
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| series of laws passed through 1940 enacted to keep us from getting into Europe war |
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| example of neutrality acts, banned US loans to waring nations |
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| Hitler threatens war if he doesn't get the Sudetenland: mountain region of Czechoslovakia |
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| Great Britain, France and Germany- give Sudetenland to Germany if Germany promises not to take anything else. |
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| Germany and Russia sign non aggression pact and 2 nations will split up Poland |
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| "lightning war" - Germany attacks France, fell in 6 weeks; any way for US to stay out of war is for British to stay in the war |
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| US could give anything to anyone on a lend and lease basis |
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| Greater East Asian Co-prosperity sphere |
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| Japan created to liberate pacific region from European and American domination, provide economic prosperity for area, US opposes. |
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| Dec 7, 1941 - surprise attack via aircraft carrier, 3 ships sunk, 1 ship capsized, 1 ship ran ground, 2200 Americans died. US Declares war on Japan and Germany |
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| Allies: US, Great Britain, Russia. Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan |
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| created to supply military and promote rationing, conservation, war bonds and price controls |
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| call for victory abroad over fascism and at home over racism - beginning of civil rights movement |
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| brought Mexican citizens into America to work - most commonly in Agriculture |
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| LA - June 1943 - Mexican American men have disagreements with military men |
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| 100,000 Japanese-Americans sent to relocation centers due to fear of espionage |
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| Office of War Information |
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| in charge of creating and distributing propaganda and information material to American citizens |
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| United Serviceman's Organization (USO) |
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fighting that took place in Europe and Africa
• 2/3 of German armies were facing Russia |
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| Goal of the European Theater |
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| Defeat Hitler and the German army |
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| June 6, 1944 the allies invade France at Normandy-one date for test |
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took place Dec 16- Aug 16. Germans were not retreating to France they were retreating to mountains to plan a surprise attack
German armies last real stand against the U.S. and the British |
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| Victory in Europe Day May 8th 1945 |
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Fighting tactic used in the pacific was called Island Hopping because Allies would hop from island to island until they get close enough to invade mainland Japan
o Fighting in pacific is going to be more brutal then the fighting in Europe |
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| First goal of the pacific theater |
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o Stop Japan from advancing further into the islands
o First major is Battle of Bataan |
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o Lose 3 aircraft carriers
100s of men, and supplies on plane
o Beginning of end of Japanese Airforce |
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• Suicide bomber
• 650 kamikaze attacks were launced
o Only 174 of them were successful; Winds would blow and they couldn’t turn
Boys crashed into war so they can become POW’s for the U.S. |
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first atomic bomb, ordered by Truman, o 60,000 people killed instantly
o 100,000 died within a day and a half |
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2nd atomic bomb, o 40,000 killed instantly
o 100,000 in day n half |
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| Victory in Japan Sept 2, 1945 |
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