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Bioscience 610
3/23/11 Lecture Notes
60
Anatomy
Graduate
03/23/2011

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Cards

Term
A) Name the 7 tarsal bones.
B) Why are they shaped this way and why do we need 7?
Definition
A) Talus, Calcaneus (heel), Navicular (medial), Medial, Intermediate, and Lateral Cuneiform, Cuboid(lateral)

B. Distribute the weight, proprioception, Flexibility, Adapt to different levels of terrain
Term
What are the 3 parts of the Talus? Is it Dr. D's favorite bone in the body? Why?
Definition
Head, neck, and trochlea. Yes. Because it is a small bone, but uniquely designed. Once a force gets transmitted to the area the trochlea transmits the force to the foot. It is a short bone. We can't move forward without it.
Term
Name 3 things the trochlea of the Talus does?
Definition
Articulates with tibia and fibula
A pulley like structure
Transfers weight from lower body to the foot
Term
What is the clinical relevance of the Peroneal Trochlea (Fibular Trochlea)?
Definition
It is the attachment site for several lateral leg muscles. The key here is the LATERAL side (fibular side).
Term
What is the clinical relevance of the Calcaneal Tuberosity?
Definition
It is the insertion site for the Achilles Tendon (Calcaneal Tendon). Know both of these terms.
Term
What is the Achilles Tendon (Calcaneal Tendon) a tendon for? Is it the largest tendon in the body?
Definition
Plantaris, Soleus, & Gastrocnemius muscle. Yes.
Term
Where is the Sustentaculum Tali located?
Definition
Between the talus & calcaneus
Term
Is the Sustentaculum Tali lateral or medial?
Definition
Medial
Term
What is the clinical relevance of the Sustentaculum Tali? (One of Dr. D's favorite words)
Definition
It is an attachment site and area for muscles that plantarflex the foot/ankle & stabilize the foot
Term
What is Dr. Dominguese's favorite muscle?
Definition
Tibialis Posterior
Term
Why is the posterior tibialis Dr. D's favorite muscle?
Definition
It is a dynamic muscle that helps stabilize the foot. It is a posterior deep compartment, however the tendons cross medial, and some of them wrap completely around the foot. This is very important.
Term
Is the ankle stable or unstable?
Definition
It is very stable. But depending on what position it is in. If its in a dorsiflex position, it is stable. If it is plantarflexed and inverted, then its not stable. It depends on what direction it is.
Term
What is clinically important about a high ankle sprain?
Definition
The interosseous membrane is damaged.
Term
If you damage the interosseous membrane, what else can be damaged?
Definition
Neurovascular bundle.
Term
How can you limit movement between tibia and fibula?
Definition
Casting and not moving it (but not moving it will create some problems as well)
Term
Articular cartilage lines the end of the bone. If a piece breaks off and it floats around into the ankle joint, this is called?
Definition
Lateral or Medial Gutter Syndrome.
Term
The Talus articulates with the?
Definition
Calcaneous
Term
What is the clinical relevance of the Achilles tendon?
Definition
Helps absorb and transmit force. Its VERY important. (Probably a quiz question)
Term
Where are the deltoid ligaments located? What is the clinical relevance of them? How do you damage them?
Definition
On the medial side of the foot and ankle. They provide the major stability for the medial ankle and they are very strong. By everting the foot (stretching that area), typically not occurring often.
Term
What is also important about the posterior tibialis? Whats the clinical significance of this area?
Definition
This is where posterior tibialis arteries and nerves are. You can feel the pulse there.
Term
If you pronate your arch (where it rolls in), the posterior tibialis has just a few fibers, what will happen
Definition
Your foot will roll in. Seen in obese patients, and Dr. Dominguese.
Term
What is the sinus located on the lateral side of the foot?
Definition
Tarsal sinus
Term
What is the clinical difference between medial and lateral side?
Definition
Medial contains the neurovascular bundle.
Term
What does sesamoid mean?
Definition
A tendon is embedded in it.
Term
What is the clinical relevance of the 2 sesamoid bones?
Definition
The flexor hallicus longus attaches to thim, then it goes deep, then medial, then attaches on the other side. Without these it is difficult to move; it is important for overall stability of the foot. There can be more than 2 of these.
Term
There are 3 major arches. What are they and what is the clinical relevance?
Definition
Medial Longitudinal Arch
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Transverse Arch (borders are at the head of the metatarsals). Provide stability on both sides.
Term
What is of concern with arches that aren't consistent.
Definition
If they are rigid or not. If they are flexible they are not able to transmit force.
Term
What are some of the problems that may occur in the muscoloskeltal system based on misalignment of arches?
Definition
Arteries and tendons can be stretched out (elongate and damage the tissue). You can have hip problems with hip and medial knee. Pretty much everything from the spine down. Ankle issues, plantar fasciaitus, shin splints, IT band problems. It affects femur, tibia, and pelvis, causing extra stress on this area.
Term
The talocrural joint (ankle joint) articulates between? What kind of joint is it?
Definition
The Tibia and the Talus (some include the fibia). Hinge joint.
Term
The Subtalar joint articulates between? What kind of joint is is?
Definition
Talus and calcaneous. Gliding
Term
Is the fibula a weight-bearing bone? Does it have a good blood supply?
Definition
No. Yes.
Term
What are the three most important ligaments of the ankle?
Definition
Anterior Talofibular-lateral aspect; horizontal attachment from talus to fibula

Posterior Talofibular-posterior aspect; attaches talus to fibula

Calcaneofibular-slightly oblique ligament; attaches from apex of lateral malleolus to calcaneus
Term
Why are the Anterior Talofibular, Posterior Talofibular, and Calcaneofibular ligmanets of the ankle clinically relevant?
clinically relevant
Definition
They are the three most commonly injured ligaments. On a severe ankle sprain (Grade 3, for example), all three of these are damaged. They do have a good blood supply. They heal in no less than 6 months.
Term
If you have a minor ankle sprain, the ligament damaged is the?
Definition
Anterior Talofibular
Term
On a moderate ankle sprain, which ligament is injured?
Definition
Posterior talofibular
Term
The anterior talofibular is like what other ligament and why?
Definition
Anterior Cruciate Ligament. It prevents anterior displacement of the ankle.
Term
Is the ankle very stable, in general?
Definition
No, just in certain positions.
Term
Is a woman (or transvestite) stable in high heels?
Definition
No, because you are plantarflexed already and your base of support is changed.
Term
What does the plantar fascia do?
Definition
Provides stability, helps absorb and transmit force.
Term
What is it called when the plantar fascia is stretched too much?
Definition
Plantar fasciitis
Term
Should you wear flip flops if you have plantar fasciitis?
Definition
No, firm heels.
Term
What do retinaculums do?
Definition
Hold tendons down.
Term
The peroneal retinaculum is also called?
Definition
Fibular retinaculum
Term
The anterior compartment of the leg does what?
Definition
Dorsiflexion and toe extension
Term
The lateral compartment (fibular side) of the leg does what?
Definition
Eversion
Term
The posterior superficial compartment of the leg does what?
Definition
Plantarflexion and toe flexion
Term
The posterior deep compartment of the leg does what?
Definition
Plantarflexion and toe flexion
Term
What are 2 muscles in the posterior superficial compartment?
Definition
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Term
Is the medial or lateral head bigger on the gastrocnemius?
Definition
Medial head
Term
Name 3 muscles in the anterior compartment.
Definition
Tibialis anterior, Extensor Digitorum longus, Extensor hallicus longus
Term
Name the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment.
Definition
Fibularis longus & fibularis brevis.
Term
Name the 3 muscles in the posterior deep compartment.
Definition
Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus
Term
What is the triceps surae?
Definition
Both heads of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
Term
What is the little muscle of the anterior/lateral compartment? Can you see it well on cadavers/models?
Definition
Fibularis(peroneus) Tertius. No.
Term
What are the 2 lateral everters? How do you distinguish between the 2?
Definition
Fibularis(peroneus) Longus
Fibularis (peroneus) Brevis.
Brevis is deep to longus. Longus wraps around.
Term
What is the oblique muscle located in the back of the knee (deep posterior)? What does it do?
Definition
Popliteous. Knee Flexion & Internal Rotation.
Term
What is the origin and insertion of the plantaris?
Definition
Origin - Lateral Epicondyle of femur
Insertion - Achilles Tendon
Term
What is the clinical relevance of the plantaris?
Definition
It is taken to replace another ligament in Tommmy John surgery.
Term
What is the acronym for the posterior compartment?
Definition
Tom-Dick-Harry
Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus
Term
What arteries can you test pulses at?
Definition
Posterior Tibialis artery, Anterior Tibialis artery
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