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Biomechs II Exam III
Dr. Lee Waite course
71
Anatomy
Graduate
02/16/2013

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Cards

Term
110 kg class weight lifting power
Definition
4786 W, 6.4 hp
Term
50 kg class weight lifting power
Definition
2140 W, 2.9 hp
Term
GLOC
Definition
G-induced loss of consciousness, occurs at 4.5 to 5 g's for 5-7 seconds, 15gx and 4.5gz
Term
Injury Severity Score (ISS)
Definition
assess trauma severity, correlates with mortality, morbidity and hospitalization time after trauma

calculate: square highest AIS in three most injured regions and add the three numbers
Term
Wayne State Tolerance Curve
Definition
provides a relationship between peak acceleration, pulse duration, and concussion onset
Term
abbreviated injury scale (AIS)
Definition
anatomically based consensus-derived global severity scoring system that classifies each injury in every body region according to its relative severity on a six point ordinal scale:
Minor, Moderate, Serious, Severe, Critical, Maximal (currently untreatable)
Term
agonist muscle action
Definition
muscles that are active, concentrically to the joint in question (i.e. rectus femoris with knee extension)
Term
antagonist muscle action
Definition
muscles that are active eccentrically to the joint in question (i.e. biceps femoris in knee extension)
Term
arachnoid membrane
Definition
middle covering of the brain
Term
bias
Definition
systematic favortism present in data collection; types: selection, detection, interviewer
Term
brain concussion
Definition
injury resulting from a blow to the head causing a transient impairment of the neural function
Term
brain contusion
Definition
a bruise of the brain tissue
Term
camber (ski)
Definition
distance between the curve of the ski and the ground when unloaded
Term
causation
Definition
one causes the other
Term
chord length (ski)
Definition
from tail to tip length of ski
Term
concentric
Definition
muscles shorten while generating force
Term
confounding variable
Definition
extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates but is not part of the real association between exposure and disease
Term
contact length (ski)
Definition
distance between two contact point on ski (when unloaded)
Term
correlation
Definition
statistical relationship between two or more random variables
Term
deltoid
Definition
origin: outer clavicle, spine of scapula

insertion: shaft of humerus

function: almost all arm movement, humerus extension, abduction, flexion, and medial rotation
Term
double blind
Definition
neither the experimenter nor the subject knows who has received treatment
Term
duramater
Definition
outer (superficial) membrane covering of the brain, deep to skull
Term
eccentric
Definition
muscles lengthen while generating force
Term
epidural hematoma
Definition
hematoma above (superficial to) the duramater
Term
frontal
Definition
front
Term
hematoma
Definition
massive collection of blood within tissue
Term
hemorrhage
Definition
bleeding
Term
isometric
Definition
joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction
Term
jerk (biomechanics)
Definition
change in acceleration, tolerance to depends on length of impact
Term
lateral malleolus fracture
Definition
fracture at the end of the fibula, occurs commonly in skiing
Term
maxillae bones
Definition
facial bones below the eyes and above the mouth
Term
maxillary sinus
Definition
cavity in the maxillae bones
Term
maxillary sinus hematoma
Definition
hematoma in the maxillary sinus
Term
meltwater cap
Definition
small water cap on the snow surface formed when heat from ski sliding melts the snow

reduces friction and increases ski glide
Term
negative control group
Definition
group where their treatment has no expected phenomenon
Term
nose length (snowboard)
Definition
distance from widest point on front of snowboard to the tip of the snowboard
Term
nose width (snowboard)
Definition
widest area at the front of the snowboard
Term
occipital
Definition
back
Term
organic lesions
Definition
structural pathological or traumatic discontinuity of tissue
Term
overcompensation (weight training)
Definition
muscle grows in response to heavy resistance; lacerated tissue develops scar tissue; body seeks to minimize stress --> increase a muscle’s ability to handle a particular load by increasing its size and ability to meet it --> next time original load is encountered by the muscle, the load will feel lighter and the body is happy
Term
parietal
Definition
top
Term
pectoralis major
Definition
origin: collarbone, sternum, costal cartilage

insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus

function: horizontal adduction of humerus, medial rotation of humerus, flexion of humerus
Term
pectoralis minor
Definition
origin: ribs (3rd to 5th) anterior surface

insertion: scapula (superior anterior) caracoid process (medial border)

function: depresses the point of the shoulder, drawing the scapula inferior and medial, towards the thorax and throwing inferior angle poseteriorly
Term
piamater
Definition
inner (deep) membrane covering of the brain
Term
pneumocephalus
Definition
air in the cranial cavity
Term
positive control group
Definition
group where their treatment has an expected phenomenon
Term
prospective study
Definition
looks for outcomes during the study period in a cohort of subjects

usually fewer bias sources, requires large cohort and/or long time
Term
randomized controlled trial
Definition
subjects, after assessment of eligibility, but before the intervention, are randomly allocated to receive one or other of the alternative treatments under study
Term
retrospective study
Definition
looks backwards to consider exposure to risk factors for outcomes

error due to confounding variable and bias, more efficient for time
Term
rocker (ski)
Definition
decreases contact length of ski by moving tip rise start point closer to the midpoint of the ski
Term
shaken baby symptoms
Definition
retinal hemorrhage, subdural and/or subarachnoid hemorrhage in infant with little signs of external trauma
Term
shovel width (ski)
Definition
widest area at the front of the ski
Term
side cut (ski)
Definition
distance between narrowest and widest point of ski (from top view)
Term
side cut radius (snowboard)
Definition
radius of the curve along the length of the snowboard side
Term
side radius (ski)
Definition
radius of the curve along the length of the ski side
Term
single-blind
Definition
experimentor is aware of who or what belongs to the control group and experimental group; treatment group is unaware if they have received treatment or not
Term
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Definition
bleeding just below the arachnoid membrane
Term
subdural hematoma
Definition
hematoma under (deep to) the duramater
Term
tail length (snowboard)
Definition
distance from widest point of the back of the snowboard to the end of the snowboard
Term
tail width (ski)
Definition
widest area at the back of the ski
Term
tail width (snowboard)
Definition
widest area at the back of the snowboard
Term
temporal
Definition
temples
Term
tibial plateau fracture
Definition
break in the continuity of the bone occurring in the proximal part of the tibia, occurs in skiing usually after a twisting fall
Term
torsional fracture
Definition
bone fracture occurring when torque is applied along the axis of a bone, occurs in skiing
Term
total length (snowboard)
Definition
tip to tail distance on a snowboard
Term
triceps brachii
Definition
origin: scapula, humerus

insertion: olecranon process (ulna)

function: elbow extension

has three heads: scapular (long), lateral, medial
Term
type I muscle
Definition
slow twitch oxidative (red muscle), slow contraction time, difficult to fatigue, aerobic, small diameter, low tension, many capillaries, high myoglobin content
Term
type IIa muscle
Definition
fast twitch oxidative-glycolytic, in between, eventually fatigue, well developed blood supply, many capillaries, high myoglobin content, intermediate fiber diameter
Term
type IIb muscle
Definition
fast twitch glycolytic, fast contraction time, anaerobic, easy to fatigue, large diameter, large tension, little myoglobin, few capillaries (white muscle)
Term
type IIx muscle
Definition
fastest muscle type, fastest contraction time, less dense mitochondria and myoglobin, short anaerobic bursts of activity
Term
type of skeletal muscle
Definition
type I, type IIa, type IIb, type IIx
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