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| DNA is a nucleic acid that contains all genetic information (_____) of an organism, usually billions of nucleotides long |
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| DNA packaged with a globular protein |
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| shorter segments of DNA (millions of nucleotides) |
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| for each pair of chromosomes, one chromosome is inherited from the ___ and one from the ____ |
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| duplicated chromosomes in their condensed form |
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| the shortest segment of DNA (hundreds of nucleotides) which provides the genetic information that encodes for the production of one protein |
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| the genetic information is stored in the sequence of ____ |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ the chromosomes condense, forming sister chromatids |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ the nuclear envelope begins to break down |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ the mitotic spindle (composed of microtubules growing out of the centrosomes) begins to form |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ the microtubules attach to the sister chromatids and begin to move them to the metaphase plate (equator of the cell) |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ each centrosome is now at the poles of the cell |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ sister chromatids simultaneously separate and are pulled to the poles of the cell by microtubules (mitotic spindle) |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ the cleavage furrow begins to form |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ the nuclear envelopes are beginning to form around the DNA (forming 2 nuclei)at the two poles |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ organelles are also accumulating around the two poles and the cleavage furrow expands |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ the cell is completely split in two by the cleave furrow and two new cells are created |
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| in the mitosis phase ____ each cell has a complete copy of DNA and is an identical daughter cell |
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| in the meiosis phase ____ crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes in their condensed form |
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| in the meiosis phase ____ crossing over is a major source of genetic variation |
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| in the meiosis phase ____ mitotic spindle forms and nuclear envelope break down |
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| in the meiosis phase ____ homologous chromosomes pair up at the metaphase plate, with each pair being on one side of the metaphase plate |
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| in the meiosis phase ____ independent assortment takes place where there is equal probability of the mother and father chromosomes being on either side of the metaphase plate for each homologous pair |
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| in the meiosis phase ____ homologous pairs are separated |
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| in the meiosis phase ____ chromosomes are gathered at each end of the cell |
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| in the meiosis phase ____ cytokinesis divides the cell into 2 separate cells that now have half the number of chromosomes (that exist in duplicated form) |
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| the result of meiosis is ___ gamete cells, each with half the number of chromosomes that the starting cell, and each being genetically distinct |
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| these are the observable genetic traits |
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| a phenotype is not always directly determined by genotype but may be influenced by ____ ____ |
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| this is the genetic makeup of a trait |
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| for ever one gene there are ___ alleles (forms one gene), one allele per chromosome in a homologous pair |
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| some genes have only __ types of alleles that are possible dominant and recessive |
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| two dominant alleles, YY, and the dominant phenotype is expressed, yellow seed color |
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| two recessive alleles, yy, and the recessive phenotype is expressed, green seed color |
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| a genotype with one dominant and one recessive allele, Yy, and the dominant phenotype is expressed yellow seed color |
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| Mendel derived 2 basic laws: _____ ___ _____ each of the 2 alleles separates during gamete formation. alleles recombine during sexual fertilization to give a total of two alleles for each gene |
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| Mendel derived 2 basic laws: _____ ___ _____ _____ states that traits are inherited independently of other traits, this principle was formulated as a direct result of experiments done with dihybrid crosses |
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| principle of independent assortment |
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| ______ ______ are recessive disorders (having no dominant allele present) involving genes located only on the X chromosome, more common in males, example: color blindness and hemophilia |
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| ____ ____ are disorders on any chromosome other than sex chromosomes where two recessive alleles must be present to have the disease, example: sickle cell anemia and albinism |
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| ______ _____ are disorders on any chromosome other than sex chromosomes where only one dominant allele is needed to have the disease. a person can be homozygous dominant or heterozygous, example: Huntington disease and marfan's syndrome |
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| these are used to track the genotypes and phenotypes for a family. are made by working backwards through a punnett square |
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| inheriting a complete extra chromosome, results from nondisjunction in meiosis I |
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| inheriting an extra copy of one chromosome, results from nondisjunction in meiosis II. Examples - turner syndrome, down syndrome |
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| take a gene from one organism and put it into another organism |
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| this is the way to produce many copies of DNA from a small sample |
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| polymerase chain reaction |
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