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| to cut apart; the study of structure |
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| function of liviing things |
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| One of the biological sciences concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms. |
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| atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism |
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| of or relating to the sternum |
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| of, relating to, or being vertebrae or the spinal column |
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| the cavity of this part of the trunk lined by the peritoneum, enclosed by the body walls, the diaphragm, and the pelvic floor, and containing the visceral organs (as the stomach, intestines, and liver) |
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| of, relating to, or located in or near the pelvis |
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| of, relating to, or situated in or near the region of the pubes or the pubis |
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| an area of tissue that marks externally the approximate boundary of the pelvic outlet and gives passage to the urogenital ducts and rectum; also : the area between the anus and the posterior part of the external genitalia especially in the female |
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| of or relating to the buttocks or the gluteus muscles |
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| pertaining to the regions of the loins; the part of the back between thorax and pelvis |
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| pertaining to the back if hand or fooot |
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| Cranial, vertebral cavities |
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| thoracic, abominal, pelvic |
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| muscle and connective tissue that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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| serous membrane covering the visceral organs |
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| the region in the center of the thorax separating the lungs; contains heart and all thoracic viscera except lungs |
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| the potential space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura surrounding a lung |
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| protective serous cavity surrounding heart |
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| lines cavities and tracts opening to the exterior; respiratory, urinary and digestive tract |
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| surrounds closed body cavities; cranial and vertebral (dura mater), Thorcic (pleura), Abdominopelvic (peritoneum) |
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| serous membranes covering visceral organs |
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| serous membrane cover the walls of organs |
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| one of the basic constituent units (as a cell or fiber) of a tissue |
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| the smallest particle of a substance; a chemical combination of two or more atoms which form a specfic chemical substance |
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| molecules composed of two or more elements |
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| inorganic compounds that break down into ions when dissolved in water, forming a solution cable of conducting energy |
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| nitrogen-containing organic compounds composed of amino acids and subunits. |
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| any of the group of organic nolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, including sugars and starches. A carbohydrate usually has the formula CH2O (2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen) |
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| any group of organic molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are generally insoluable in water. |
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| cell membrane; semipermiable, composed primarily of phosopholipid and protein molcules; allows passage in and out of cell |
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| microscopic hairlike projections of the cell membranes |
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| simple diffusion/facilitated diffusion |
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| the process whereby particles of tendency of molecules to move from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration (molecular motion)/diffusion of molecules thru semipermeable membrane w/the aid of membrane carriers (carrier energy and molecular motion |
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| passive movement of water molecules through semipermeable membrane from regions of high water concentration to regions of lower water concentration |
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| carrier-mediated transport of solutes from regions of their low concentration to regions of their higher concentration (against their concentration gradient)cellular energy-ATP) |
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| in a cell, the material between the nucleus and the cell membrane suspending medium for organelles |
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| a specialized cellular structure that performs a specific function for the cell as a whole |
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| interconnecting hollow channels (tubules) Provides transport within cell and storage for molecules.Rough ER bears ribosomes on its membrane, while smooth ER does not |
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| a cytoplasmic organelle (granuless) composed of protein and RNA in which protein synthesis occurs |
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| flattened sacs with vacuoles. Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion |
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| double-walled membrane-enclosed vacuoles; energy producing reactions into usable ATP |
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| single-walled sacs of enzymes. Digests foreign molecules and worn cells. |
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| single-walled sacs containing enzymes (as catalase) which act especially in the production and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Abundant in kidney and liver |
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| mass of two rod like centrioles. Organizes spindle fibers and assists mitosis |
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| large membrous, fluid filled sacs; storage and secretion in cytoplasm |
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| minute rodlike structures |
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| fine threadlike tubular structures of varying lengths |
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| cytoplasmic extensions from cell. Moves particles along cell surface of moves cells |
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| spherical body composed of nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and chromatin (DNA) |
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| small, nonmembrous spherical bodies composed largely of protein and RNA. (production of Ribosomes); darkened area in nucleus |
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| coiled, threadlike mass. Genetic material of the cell ; consists of protein and DNA molecules. During cell division, chromatins shortens and thickens into rod shaped structures called chromosomes |
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| the usual double helix structure identified by double-stranded DNA-- called also deoxyribonucleic acid |
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| any of various nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with the control of cellular chemical activities -- called also ribonucleic acid |
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| movement of molecules from regions of high pressue to regions of lower pressue as a result of hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) |
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| protection; covers body surfaces and lines cavities; has basement membrane; forms membranes and glands for secretion; regularly replaced; tightly joined cells with small matrix; nonvascular |
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| connects different tissue together. Has a lot of extracellular (matrix) material deposited in space between its cells |
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| skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle |
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| consists of neurons and neurolglial (supporting or glial cells) |
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| one layer; covering visceral organs; lining lumina and body cavities |
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| multilayer; epidermal layer of skin; lining of body openings, ducts and urinary bladder; two or more layers of cells that provide protection, strengthen or distention |
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| Epithelial Tissues by shape (classified by top layer) |
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Squamous-Flat
Cuboidal-cube shaped
Columnar-column like |
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| relaxed and flexible; large and round, permits expansion and recoil. Lines luminal walls and urinary bladder |
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| secretes via ducts, simple tubes or clusters called acini |
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| glandular secretions in which the secreting cells remains intact throughout the process of formation and discharge of secretory products; as in the salivary and pancreatic glands |
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| sweat gland that functions in evaporative cooling. In armpits and pubic areas |
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| holocrine gland/sebaceous gland |
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| sebaceous gland; entire secreting cell, along with its accumulated secretion forms the secreted matter of the gland |
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| fat tissue, keep in skin especially at sides, buttocks, breass, padding around eyes and kidneys. Padding, cushion, insolates, energy reserves. |
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| in skin, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, blood vessels and nerves. Packaging and holding organs together and in place. Attaches epithelial to underlying tissues. |
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| supportive framework, netlike tissue. In liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow. Found everywhere but mostly in previously mentioned organs/systems. |
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| packed with collagen fibers; dense fibrous; fibers arranged next to each other. Between skeletal muscles, tendons, aponeuroses; stabilizing internal organs, ligaments, deep fasciae |
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| capsules of visceral organs, periostea and perichondra; nerve and muscle shealths, dermis; fibers arranged in an irregular way. Strength to resist forces applied from many directions; prevents overexpansion of organs such as urinary bladder |
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| any material produced by cells and excreted to the extracellular space within the tissues. |
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| Elastic Connective tissue |
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| composed of elastic fibers that are irregularly arranged and yellowish in color. Can be stretched and then retain original shape. Found in walls of arteries, portions of larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes of lungs and arches of vertebrae. |
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| reticular connective tissue |
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| network of reticular fibers woven through a jellylike matrix. Some can ingest foreign materials. Found in liver, spleen,lymph modes and bone marrow. Example: stoma in lymph nodes is a mesh-like center of reticular connective tissue |
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| attach muscles to bones and transfer the forces of muscle contractions; composed of dense regular connective tissue |
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| connect bone to bone across articulations, composed of dense regular connective tissue |
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| loose, flexible matrix in connective tissue proper |
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| large, star-shaped cells that produce collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers. |
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| protein/protein and elastin |
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precursor to bone; made of chondrocytes and a semisolid matrix that gives it eslastic properties.
Three types: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage |
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| gristle: most abundant cartilage in body, glassy like appearance; covers articulations, tubular trachea and bronchi of respiratory system, reinforces nose, forms a flexible bridge called costal cartilage in ribs. Most bones start out as hyaline cartilage |
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| much like hyaline cartilage except for the presence of abundant elastic fibers that make it very flexible without compromising strength. Found in outer ear, portions of larynx and auditory canal. |
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| most rigid of all connective tissue. Hardness due to Calcium phosphate; rich vascular supply; formed of concentric layers of calcified material |
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| hard outter surface of a bone |
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| Spongy bone; pourous highly vascular inner portion of bone |
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| central (haversian) canal |
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| central canal of osteocyte |
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| cavity each osteocyte occupies |
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| minute canals radiating from lucunae with provides nutritents to each osteocyte |
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| concentric layers in osteocytes where matrix is deposited |
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| liquid matrix blood cells are suspended in |
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| elongated, large, striated, multinucleated, voluntary, individually controlled. Lined up parallel to form bundles. |
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| non striated, involuntary. Found in walls of all hollow organs. Controlled by ANS. Long, spindle shaped cells with one nucleus. |
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| striated, involuntary, ONLY in heart. Branched, intercalated discs between cells. Circulates and maintains bloos through autnomic contraction. |
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| helps hold adjacent cells together and transmit the force of contraction from cell to cell in the heart |
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| specialized for conduting electrical signals. Three basic components: cell body, Dendrites, and Axon |
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| highly branched extensions off cell body; receives input from other neurons and conducts impulses to cell body |
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| single, long extention off cell body; conducts nerve impulses to other cells |
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| nucleus; metabolic center |
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| supporting glial (glue) cells. Provides physical and functional support for neurons |
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| superficial, protective layer of skin |
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| single layer of cells in contact with dermis. (bottom layer) |
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| specialized cells that produce the protein kerative, which toughens and waterproofs skin |
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| specialized epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melantin which is a protective layer from ultraviolet rays of the sun |
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| sensory receptors that aid in tactile reception (touch) |
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| nonpigmented granular dendrocytes |
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| clear 2nd layer of skin, only in palms of hands and soles of feet |
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| 3rd (grandular)layer of skin. Filled with keratohyalin, a precursor for keratin |
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| (spiny layer) 4th layer of skin. Spine like extentions from keratinocytes |
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| deeper and thicker than epidermis. Elastic and collangenous fibers within the dermis are arranged in definite patterns, producing lines of tension in the skin providing skin tone. Highly vascular, glands, nerve endings and hair follicles. |
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| upper layer of dermis with fingerlike projections. Forms friction ridges on fingers and toes |
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| deeper and thicker layer of dermis. Fibers here are more dense and regularly arranged to form a tough, flexible meshwork. |
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| involuntary muscle that causes hair to stand up on epidermis |
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| beneath the dermis; subcutaneous tissue. Compsed of loose connective tissue and adipose cells interlaced with blood vessels. |
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| secreted from holocrine glands; consists of lipids |
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| sudoriferous glands within the breasts that secrete milk |
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| sweat glands on forehead, back, palms and soles. |
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| bones that form to stress as tendons repeatedly move across a joint such as the patellae |
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| contains skull, Auitory Ossicles, Hyoid, Vertebrall Column, and Rib Cage |
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| contains: Pectoral and Pelvic Girdle, Upper and Lower Extremeties |
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| process of blood cell formation in the hemopoiesis in the red bone marrow located internally in some bones. |
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| longer than wide and serve as levers |
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| cube shaped bones found in wrist and ankle |
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| broad surface for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs |
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| bones of varying shapes and many surface features for muscle attachment and articulations |
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| shaft or body of long bones |
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| central cavity of long bone line with a thin layer of connective tissue called endosteum |
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| covering of internal cavity of long bone |
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| found within the porous chambers of spongy bone which produces blood cells |
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| composed of thin hyaline cartilate; caps each epiphysis and facilitates joint movement. |
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| epiphyseal plate and line |
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| line between epiphysis and diaphysis |
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| small openings into the bone that allows nutrient vessels to pass into the bone |
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| dense regular connective tissue covering surface of the bone, except for articulating cartilage |
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| perforating (Sharpey's) fibers |
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| secures periosteum to the bone |
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| found in bone tissues in contact with the endosteum and periosteum. They respond to trauma by giving rise to osteoblasts. and osteoclasts |
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| derived from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in the adult skeleton. Regulates the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of bone matrix |
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| gives spongy bone it's lattice-like appearance |
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| Osteons or Haversian systems |
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| columnlike structures of bone |
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| Perforating (Volkmann's) canals |
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| penetrates compact bone, connecting osteons with blood vessels and nerves |
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| fine shealths of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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| connective tissue that binds a group of muscle fibers into a bundle |
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| connective tissue that covers the entire muscle and that is continuous with the tendon |
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| toughened dense connective tissue that connects muscle to the periosteum of a bone |
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| bundle of muscle fibers held together by permysium |
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| fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles together and that connects the superficial muscles to the hypdermis of the skin |
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| vertical layers in the muslce fibers |
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| cell membrane of muscle fiber |
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| within myofibrils; thin(actin) and thick (myosin) |
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| threadlike structures composed of bundles of myofilments that extend the length of muscle fiber |
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| network of membranous channels that extend throughout the muscle fiber |
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| system of tubules that runs perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and opens to the outside through the sarcolemma |
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| dark line in the center of I band |
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| ligher crossbands on the myofibril composed of actin myofilaments |
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| darker crossbands on the myfibril composed of overlapping actin and myosin myofilaments |
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| contains only thick filaments that are not overlapped by thin filaments; myosin without actin overlapping |
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| the area consisting of motor end plate and the cell membrane of the muscle fiber |
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