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Biology 170
Human Anatomy
196
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/08/2007

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Term
anatomy
Definition
to cut apart; the study of structure
Term
physiology
Definition
function of liviing things
Term
biology
Definition
One of the biological sciences concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.
Term
Schleiden and Schwann
Definition
Cell Theory
Term
Watson and Crick
Definition
DNA
Term
levels of organization
Definition
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
Term
thorax; thoracic cavity
Definition
chest; heart and lungs
Term
axilla
Definition
armpit
Term
sternal
Definition
of or relating to the sternum
Term
vertebral
Definition
of, relating to, or being vertebrae or the spinal column
Term
abdomen
Definition
the cavity of this part of the trunk lined by the peritoneum, enclosed by the body walls, the diaphragm, and the pelvic floor, and containing the visceral organs (as the stomach, intestines, and liver)
Term
umbilicus
Definition
navel
Term
pelvic
Definition
of, relating to, or located in or near the pelvis
Term
pubic
Definition
of, relating to, or situated in or near the region of the pubes or the pubis
Term
perineum
Definition
an area of tissue that marks externally the approximate boundary of the pelvic outlet and gives passage to the urogenital ducts and rectum; also : the area between the anus and the posterior part of the external genitalia especially in the female
Term
gluteal
Definition
of or relating to the buttocks or the gluteus muscles
Term
lumbar
Definition
pertaining to the regions of the loins; the part of the back between thorax and pelvis
Term
sacral
Definition
pertaining to the sacrum
Term
histology
Definition
study of tissues
Term
bracium
Definition
upper arm
Term
brachium
Definition
upper arm
Term
antebrachium
Definition
forearm
Term
cubital region
Definition
elbow region
Term
carpus
Definition
wrist
Term
digits
Definition
fingers
Term
palmar region
Definition
palm of hands
Term
dorsum
Definition
pertaining to the back if hand or fooot
Term
femoral region
Definition
region of the femur
Term
patellar
Definition
pertaining to the knee
Term
tarsal
Definition
pertaining to the ankle
Term
dorsal body cavities
Definition
Cranial, vertebral cavities
Term
ventral body cavities
Definition
thoracic, abominal, pelvic
Term
plantar surface
Definition
bottom of foot
Term
diaphragm
Definition
muscle and connective tissue that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Term
viscera
Definition
serous membrane covering the visceral organs
Term
mediastinum
Definition
the region in the center of the thorax separating the lungs; contains heart and all thoracic viscera except lungs
Term
pleural cavities
Definition
the potential space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura surrounding a lung
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
protective serous cavity surrounding heart
Term
mucous membrane
Definition
lines cavities and tracts opening to the exterior; respiratory, urinary and digestive tract
Term
serous membrane
Definition
surrounds closed body cavities; cranial and vertebral (dura mater), Thorcic (pleura), Abdominopelvic (peritoneum)
Term
visceral layers
Definition
serous membranes covering visceral organs
Term
parietal layers
Definition
serous membrane cover the walls of organs
Term
cytology
Definition
study of cells
Term
element
Definition
one of the basic constituent units (as a cell or fiber) of a tissue
Term
molecule
Definition
the smallest particle of a substance; a chemical combination of two or more atoms which form a specfic chemical substance
Term
compound
Definition
molecules composed of two or more elements
Term
electrolyte
Definition
inorganic compounds that break down into ions when dissolved in water, forming a solution cable of conducting energy
Term
protein
Definition
nitrogen-containing organic compounds composed of amino acids and subunits.
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
any of the group of organic nolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, including sugars and starches. A carbohydrate usually has the formula CH2O (2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen)
Term
lipids
Definition
any group of organic molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are generally insoluable in water.
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
cell membrane; semipermiable, composed primarily of phosopholipid and protein molcules; allows passage in and out of cell
Term
microvilli
Definition
microscopic hairlike projections of the cell membranes
Term
simple diffusion/facilitated diffusion
Definition
the process whereby particles of tendency of molecules to move from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration (molecular motion)/diffusion of molecules thru semipermeable membrane w/the aid of membrane carriers (carrier energy and molecular motion
Term
osmosis
Definition
passive movement of water molecules through semipermeable membrane from regions of high water concentration to regions of lower water concentration
Term
active transport
Definition
carrier-mediated transport of solutes from regions of their low concentration to regions of their higher concentration (against their concentration gradient)cellular energy-ATP)
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
in a cell, the material between the nucleus and the cell membrane suspending medium for organelles
Term
organelles
Definition
a specialized cellular structure that performs a specific function for the cell as a whole
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
interconnecting hollow channels (tubules) Provides transport within cell and storage for molecules.Rough ER bears ribosomes on its membrane, while smooth ER does not
Term
ribosome
Definition
a cytoplasmic organelle (granuless) composed of protein and RNA in which protein synthesis occurs
Term
Golgi body
Definition
flattened sacs with vacuoles. Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion
Term
mitochondria
Definition
double-walled membrane-enclosed vacuoles; energy producing reactions into usable ATP
Term
lysosomes
Definition
single-walled sacs of enzymes. Digests foreign molecules and worn cells.
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
single-walled sacs containing enzymes (as catalase) which act especially in the production and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Abundant in kidney and liver
Term
centriole/centrosome
Definition
mass of two rod like centrioles. Organizes spindle fibers and assists mitosis
Term
vacuole
Definition
large membrous, fluid filled sacs; storage and secretion in cytoplasm
Term
fibrils
Definition
minute rodlike structures
Term
microtubules
Definition
fine threadlike tubular structures of varying lengths
Term
cilia/flagella
Definition
cytoplasmic extensions from cell. Moves particles along cell surface of moves cells
Term
nucleus
Definition
spherical body composed of nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and chromatin (DNA)
Term
nucleoli
Definition
small, nonmembrous spherical bodies composed largely of protein and RNA. (production of Ribosomes); darkened area in nucleus
Term
chromatin
Definition
coiled, threadlike mass. Genetic material of the cell ; consists of protein and DNA molecules. During cell division, chromatins shortens and thickens into rod shaped structures called chromosomes
Term
DNA
Definition
the usual double helix structure identified by double-stranded DNA-- called also deoxyribonucleic acid
Term
RNA
Definition
any of various nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with the control of cellular chemical activities -- called also ribonucleic acid
Term
filtration
Definition
movement of molecules from regions of high pressue to regions of lower pressue as a result of hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
protection; covers body surfaces and lines cavities; has basement membrane; forms membranes and glands for secretion; regularly replaced; tightly joined cells with small matrix; nonvascular
Term
connective tissue
Definition
connects different tissue together. Has a lot of extracellular (matrix) material deposited in space between its cells
Term
muscles tissues
Definition
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Term
nervous tissues
Definition
consists of neurons and neurolglial (supporting or glial cells)
Term
simple epithelial
Definition
one layer; covering visceral organs; lining lumina and body cavities
Term
epithelial stratified
Definition
multilayer; epidermal layer of skin; lining of body openings, ducts and urinary bladder; two or more layers of cells that provide protection, strengthen or distention
Term
Epithelial Tissues by shape (classified by top layer)
Definition
Squamous-Flat
Cuboidal-cube shaped
Columnar-column like
Term
transitional epithelial
Definition
relaxed and flexible; large and round, permits expansion and recoil. Lines luminal walls and urinary bladder
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
secretes via ducts, simple tubes or clusters called acini
Term
merocine gland
Definition
glandular secretions in which the secreting cells remains intact throughout the process of formation and discharge of secretory products; as in the salivary and pancreatic glands
Term
apocrine gland
Definition
sweat gland that functions in evaporative cooling. In armpits and pubic areas
Term
holocrine gland/sebaceous gland
Definition
sebaceous gland; entire secreting cell, along with its accumulated secretion forms the secreted matter of the gland
Term
Loose connective tissue
Definition
Adipose
Areola
Reticular
Term
Adipose (proper-loose)
Definition
fat tissue, keep in skin especially at sides, buttocks, breass, padding around eyes and kidneys. Padding, cushion, insolates, energy reserves.
Term
Areola (proper-loose)
Definition
in skin, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, blood vessels and nerves. Packaging and holding organs together and in place. Attaches epithelial to underlying tissues.
Term
Reticular (proper-loose)
Definition
supportive framework, netlike tissue. In liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow. Found everywhere but mostly in previously mentioned organs/systems.
Term
Dense-(proper regular)
Definition
packed with collagen fibers; dense fibrous; fibers arranged next to each other. Between skeletal muscles, tendons, aponeuroses; stabilizing internal organs, ligaments, deep fasciae
Term
Dense Irregular (proper)
Definition
capsules of visceral organs, periostea and perichondra; nerve and muscle shealths, dermis; fibers arranged in an irregular way. Strength to resist forces applied from many directions; prevents overexpansion of organs such as urinary bladder
Term
ground substance
Definition
any material produced by cells and excreted to the extracellular space within the tissues.
Term
Elastic Connective tissue
Definition
composed of elastic fibers that are irregularly arranged and yellowish in color. Can be stretched and then retain original shape. Found in walls of arteries, portions of larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes of lungs and arches of vertebrae.
Term
reticular connective tissue
Definition
network of reticular fibers woven through a jellylike matrix. Some can ingest foreign materials. Found in liver, spleen,lymph modes and bone marrow. Example: stoma in lymph nodes is a mesh-like center of reticular connective tissue
Term
tendons
Definition
attach muscles to bones and transfer the forces of muscle contractions; composed of dense regular connective tissue
Term
ligaments
Definition
connect bone to bone across articulations, composed of dense regular connective tissue
Term
ground substance
Definition
loose, flexible matrix in connective tissue proper
Term
fibroblast
Definition
large, star-shaped cells that produce collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers.
Term
collagen/collangenous
Definition
protein/protein and elastin
Term
Cartilage
Definition
precursor to bone; made of chondrocytes and a semisolid matrix that gives it eslastic properties.
Three types: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
Term
Hyaline cartilage
Definition
gristle: most abundant cartilage in body, glassy like appearance; covers articulations, tubular trachea and bronchi of respiratory system, reinforces nose, forms a flexible bridge called costal cartilage in ribs. Most bones start out as hyaline cartilage
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
much like hyaline cartilage except for the presence of abundant elastic fibers that make it very flexible without compromising strength. Found in outer ear, portions of larynx and auditory canal.
Term
chondocytes
Definition
cartilage cells
Term
Bone
Definition
most rigid of all connective tissue. Hardness due to Calcium phosphate; rich vascular supply; formed of concentric layers of calcified material
Term
Compact bone
Definition
hard outter surface of a bone
Term
Cancellous bone
Definition
Spongy bone; pourous highly vascular inner portion of bone
Term
osteocytes
Definition
bone cells
Term
central (haversian) canal
Definition
central canal of osteocyte
Term
lacuna
Definition
cavity each osteocyte occupies
Term
canaliculi
Definition
minute canals radiating from lucunae with provides nutritents to each osteocyte
Term
lamellae
Definition
concentric layers in osteocytes where matrix is deposited
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells
Term
formed elements
Definition
cells of blood
Term
plasma
Definition
liquid matrix blood cells are suspended in
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells
Term
thromobocytes
Definition
platlets
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
bone forming cells
Term
osteocytes
Definition
bone cells
Term
osteoclasps
Definition
bone reabsorbing cells
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
elongated, large, striated, multinucleated, voluntary, individually controlled. Lined up parallel to form bundles.
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
non striated, involuntary. Found in walls of all hollow organs. Controlled by ANS. Long, spindle shaped cells with one nucleus.
Term
cardiac muscles
Definition
striated, involuntary, ONLY in heart. Branched, intercalated discs between cells. Circulates and maintains bloos through autnomic contraction.
Term
intercalaed discs
Definition
helps hold adjacent cells together and transmit the force of contraction from cell to cell in the heart
Term
sarcolemma
Definition
muscle cell
Term
neuron
Definition
specialized for conduting electrical signals. Three basic components: cell body, Dendrites, and Axon
Term
dendrite
Definition
highly branched extensions off cell body; receives input from other neurons and conducts impulses to cell body
Term
Axon
Definition
single, long extention off cell body; conducts nerve impulses to other cells
Term
neuron cell body
Definition
nucleus; metabolic center
Term
Neuroglia
Definition
supporting glial (glue) cells. Provides physical and functional support for neurons
Term
Integumentary system
Definition
The skin as an organ
Term
epidermis
Definition
superficial, protective layer of skin
Term
basale
Definition
single layer of cells in contact with dermis. (bottom layer)
Term
keratinocytes
Definition
specialized cells that produce the protein kerative, which toughens and waterproofs skin
Term
melanocytes
Definition
specialized epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melantin which is a protective layer from ultraviolet rays of the sun
Term
tactile cells
Definition
sensory receptors that aid in tactile reception (touch)
Term
Langerhans cells
Definition
nonpigmented granular dendrocytes
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
1st layer of skin.
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
clear 2nd layer of skin, only in palms of hands and soles of feet
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
3rd (grandular)layer of skin. Filled with keratohyalin, a precursor for keratin
Term
stratum spinoseum
Definition
(spiny layer) 4th layer of skin. Spine like extentions from keratinocytes
Term
dermis
Definition
deeper and thicker than epidermis. Elastic and collangenous fibers within the dermis are arranged in definite patterns, producing lines of tension in the skin providing skin tone. Highly vascular, glands, nerve endings and hair follicles.
Term
papillary layer
Definition
upper layer of dermis with fingerlike projections. Forms friction ridges on fingers and toes
Term
reticular layers
Definition
deeper and thicker layer of dermis. Fibers here are more dense and regularly arranged to form a tough, flexible meshwork.
Term
arrector pili
Definition
involuntary muscle that causes hair to stand up on epidermis
Term
hypodermis
Definition
beneath the dermis; subcutaneous tissue. Compsed of loose connective tissue and adipose cells interlaced with blood vessels.
Term
sebaceous gland
Definition
oil glands
Term
sebum
Definition
secreted from holocrine glands; consists of lipids
Term
sudoriferous glands
Definition
sweat glands
Term
mammary glands
Definition
sudoriferous glands within the breasts that secrete milk
Term
eccrine glands
Definition
sweat glands on forehead, back, palms and soles.
Term
sutures
Definition
joints of the skull
Term
sesmoid bones
Definition
bones that form to stress as tendons repeatedly move across a joint such as the patellae
Term
Axial skeleton
Definition
contains skull, Auitory Ossicles, Hyoid, Vertebrall Column, and Rib Cage
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
contains: Pectoral and Pelvic Girdle, Upper and Lower Extremeties
Term
hemopoiesis
Definition
process of blood cell formation in the hemopoiesis in the red bone marrow located internally in some bones.
Term
long bones
Definition
longer than wide and serve as levers
Term
short bones
Definition
cube shaped bones found in wrist and ankle
Term
flat bones
Definition
broad surface for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs
Term
irregular bones
Definition
bones of varying shapes and many surface features for muscle attachment and articulations
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft or body of long bones
Term
epiphysis
Definition
ends of long bones
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
central cavity of long bone line with a thin layer of connective tissue called endosteum
Term
endosteum
Definition
covering of internal cavity of long bone
Term
yellow bone marrow
Definition
fat in medullary cavity
Term
red bone marrow
Definition
found within the porous chambers of spongy bone which produces blood cells
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
composed of thin hyaline cartilate; caps each epiphysis and facilitates joint movement.
Term
epiphyseal plate and line
Definition
line between epiphysis and diaphysis
Term
nutrient foramina
Definition
small openings into the bone that allows nutrient vessels to pass into the bone
Term
periosteum
Definition
dense regular connective tissue covering surface of the bone, except for articulating cartilage
Term
perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
Definition
secures periosteum to the bone
Term
osteogenic cells
Definition
found in bone tissues in contact with the endosteum and periosteum. They respond to trauma by giving rise to osteoblasts. and osteoclasts
Term
bone lining cells
Definition
derived from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in the adult skeleton. Regulates the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of bone matrix
Term
trabeculae
Definition
gives spongy bone it's lattice-like appearance
Term
Osteons or Haversian systems
Definition
columnlike structures of bone
Term
Perforating (Volkmann's) canals
Definition
penetrates compact bone, connecting osteons with blood vessels and nerves
Term
endomysium
Definition
fine shealths of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
Term
perimysium
Definition
connective tissue that binds a group of muscle fibers into a bundle
Term
epimysium
Definition
connective tissue that covers the entire muscle and that is continuous with the tendon
Term
tendon
Definition
toughened dense connective tissue that connects muscle to the periosteum of a bone
Term
fasciculus (fascicle)
Definition
bundle of muscle fibers held together by permysium
Term
fascia
Definition
fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles together and that connects the superficial muscles to the hypdermis of the skin
Term
striations
Definition
vertical layers in the muslce fibers
Term
sarcolemma
Definition
cell membrane of muscle fiber
Term
sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of mucle fiber
Term
myofilaments
Definition
within myofibrils; thin(actin) and thick (myosin)
Term

myofibrils

Definition
threadlike structures composed of bundles of myofilments that extend the length of muscle fiber
Term
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
network of membranous channels that extend throughout the muscle fiber
Term
thick filaments
Definition
myosin
Term
thin filaments
Definition
actin
Term
transverse tubule
Definition
system of tubules that runs perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and opens to the outside through the sarcolemma
Term
Z line
Definition
dark line in the center of I band
Term
I band
Definition
ligher crossbands on the myofibril composed of actin myofilaments
Term
A bands
Definition
darker crossbands on the myfibril composed of overlapping actin and myosin myofilaments
Term

H zone

Definition
contains only thick filaments that are not overlapped by thin filaments; myosin without  actin overlapping
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
the area consisting of motor end plate and the cell membrane of the muscle fiber
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