Term
| Name features of amphibia |
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Definition
| Mostly aquatic and terrestrial life phase (double-life/metamorphosis), jelly coated eggs prone to dehydration/dessication, strengthened fins, presence of internal nares (choanae), Articulation of appendicular skeleton to vertebral column and rise of pelvis, |
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Term
| What evidence suggests amphibians evolved from sarcopterygian fish? |
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Definition
Similar skull bone structure to tetrapods
bone elements in pectoral fins similar to forelimbs of tetrapods
labyrinthodont teeth |
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Term
| What physical differences must be addressed when moving from water to land? |
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Definition
Dehydrating environment
20 times more oxygen abundancy/more rapid diffusion
Air is 800 times less dense (less bouyancy, limbs and skeleton must supprt more weight
Air temperatures fluctuate more rapidly
Increase in solar/UV radiation
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Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages to living on land? |
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Definition
A: Less dense and viscous medium, more oxygen, new habitats, new food sources
D: Dehydration, greater influence of gravity, UV radiation |
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Term
| What selective pressure might have driven the ancestors of the amphibians onto land? |
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Definition
| Freshwater bodies are inherently unstable, shallow freshwater swamps were often hypoxic |
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Term
| Describe amphibian respiration in respect to the two structures connected to the pharynx |
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Definition
Air filled cavity functioned as a swim bladder
Paired nares (choana) used to draw air into the air filled cavity |
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Term
| What structures allowed a stronger/more rigid vertebral column? |
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Definition
| Zygaphophyses on vertebrae |
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Term
| Name and describe the three orders of the class Amphibia |
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Definition
Gymnophiona (Apoda):Caecilians - Body specialised for burrowing (worm like, tiny eyes, solidly ossified skulls), Unique chemosensory organ in head (tentacle), Unique lower jaw-closing system, some species viviparous and developing young eat surface of uterus
Urodela: Salamanders - lizard like with long tails, some direct development, some paedomorphic,
Anura: Frogs and toads - Tailed larval stage, tail-less adult stage, distinct metamorphosis, 9 vertebrae, ribs reduced and fused to vertebrae, large pelvic girdle, lumbar vertebrae fused to form urostyle, back leg propulsion, vertebral column lost much flexibility |
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Term
| Whaty types of integumentary glands does frog epidermis contain? |
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Definition
Mucous glands (secrete protective waterproofing)
Large granular glands (produce a whitish, watery poison) |
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Term
| What produces skin color in frogs? |
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Definition
| Specialised pigment cells (chromatophores). |
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Term
| Where can chytrid spores be found in a frog? |
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Definition
| Within the stratum corneum (outermost cornified layer) and stratum granulosum) |
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Term
| The acute angle to the straight pelvis in frogs acts as a fulcrum point which aids in jumping. True or false? |
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Definition
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