Term
| "Let's go look at all the different species of ____ at the aquarium!" vs "I can see a small population of ____, they are all bream." |
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Definition
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Term
| The first fishes in the fossil record showed what vertebrate characteristics? |
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Definition
| A heart, paired eyes, otic capsules, rudimentary vertebrae, a skull |
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Term
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Definition
Petromyzontida: eel like, no paired appendages, cartilagenous skeleton, no fins on side, median fins (dorsal and caudal), median nostril, circular mouth fringed with oral papillae, protrusible tongue, ectoparasite (horny rasping teeth), anadromous (upstream migration), ammocoete larvae, larvae are filter feeders that undergo metamorphosis
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Term
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Definition
| Myxini: No eyes, radula like tongue (extends with retractor muscle), iso-osmotic, single nasohypophysical duct (opens into mouth cavity), slime for defense, knotting behaviour for feeding and defense, 3 accessory hearts (4 total (branchial, portal, caudal and cranial) |
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Term
| Myxini and Petromyzontida belong to the superclass ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The superclass which includes the actinopterygii, sarcopterygii and chondrichthyes is the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three types of jaw suspensions associated with macrophagous feeding |
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Definition
Hyostylic: Upper and lower jaw don't join to cranium
Amphistylic: Upper loosely attached to cranium
Autostylic: Upper firmly attached to cranium |
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Term
| The evolution of paired finds from pectoral and pelvic girdles gave rise to the ___ in fishes, allowing better control of their body position and location |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the three forces controlled and counteracted by the fish skeleton |
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Definition
Counteracts roll
Allows pitch (up and down)
Reduces yaw (caudal fin) |
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Term
| Describe the cartilaginous fishes |
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Definition
| Chondrichthyes: hyostylic jaw suspension, mostly marine, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins, hard scales, two chamber heart, 5-7 gill slits, some oviparous |
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Term
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Definition
| From modification of anterior cartilaginous gill arches, derived from neural crest cells. Consists of the mandibular arch and the hyomandibular arch. |
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Term
| Compare and contrast sharks/rays/skates/sawfish with the ratfish/chimaeras |
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Definition
Elasmobranchs: Fusiform, medial and paired fins, caudal fin heterocercal, claspers, rostrum, ventral mouth, placoid scales, 5-7 gill arches, spiracle, cranial kinesis, teeth polyphyodont in sharks (modified scales), some ovoviviparity
Holocephali:
marine, upper jaw fused to cranium (autostylic), large pectoral fins for propulsion, plate like teeth for crushing, diphycercal tail (whiplike), soft skinned |
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Term
| What is the process called where the firstborn shark eats all of its siblings whilst still inside its mother? |
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Definition
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Term
| All elasmobranchs are oviparous, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the feeding mechanism/diet of whale sharks and state what this process is known as |
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Definition
| Filter feeders, phytoplankton bloom. This is called a foodchain bypass |
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Term
| What are the bony fishes known as, and is it a monophyletic group? |
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Definition
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Term
| The bony fishes consist of what class/classes? |
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Definition
| Actinopterygii and sarcopterygii |
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Term
| Sarcopterygii are the sister group to the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristics are unique to osteichthyes? |
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Definition
Bone replaces cartilage
Lung or swim bladder present
Unique cranial and dental characteristics |
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Term
| Name the types of scales in order of increasing mobility (basal to derived) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the actinopterygii? |
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Definition
| Homocercal tail (greater speed and bouyancy), terminal mouth, highly mobile jaws, paired fins, fin membranes supported by rays, swim bladder, 4 gill arches covered by a bony operculum, upper jaw - premaxillary and maxillary bones |
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Term
| What are the two subclasses of Actinopterygii? What are some of their characteristics? |
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Definition
Chondrostei: Basal condition, ganoid scales (paddlefish, sturgeons
Teleosts: Derived condition, movable premaxilla (protrusible jaws) |
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Term
| The actinopterygii comprise how much percent of all fish? |
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Definition
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Term
| Being ectotherms, how do some teleosts survive in waters below freezing when their body temperature is the same? |
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Definition
| Antifreezes, prevents ice formation. |
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Term
| What is the key derived characteristic of the sarcopterygii? |
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Definition
| Presence of muscular pectoral and pelvic fins supported by extensions of body skeleton |
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Term
| 6 out of the 8 extant species of sarcopterygii are the ____. What are their main characteristics? |
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Definition
| Lungfish: Accessory respiration organ - diverticulum off oesophagus, all freshwater, durophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| Eating behaviour in animals - consumation of hard-shelled/exoskeleton bearing organisms such as corals, mollusks or crabs. |
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Term
| What is the main difference between the Australian and the South American/African lungishes? |
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Definition
Aus: Facultative air breather (only breath air when they NEED to, i.e stress, hypoxia, high activity)
SA/A: obligate air breather (MUST breathe air periodically or will suffocate) |
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Term
| What is the most basal extant lobe finned fish? |
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Definition
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Term
| Coelacanths and Sturgeons are members of the class Sarcopterygii, true or false? |
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Definition
| False, sturgeons are chondrosteans |
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Term
| Name the key properties of water that shaped and constrained the evolution of fishes |
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Definition
Universal solvent (complex mix of gases and solutes)
Thermally stable and constant (relative to air)
800 times more dense than air
15 times more viscous than air
Incompressible
0.05% the oxygen in air
oxygen diffusion 300000 times slower than air
CO2 and NH3 highly soluble in water |
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Term
| What drove the evolution of gills and lungs in fish? What was the basal method of respiration? |
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Definition
A greater need for oxygen as size and activity increases.
Cutaneous respiration |
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Term
| What is the formula for cell respiration? What about it's byproducts plays an important role in ocean chemistry? |
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Definition
C6H12O6 + 6CO2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
CO2 byproduct binds to water to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid). Excess CO2 in the atmosphere also becomes carbonic acid in water, decreasing the ph (ocean acidification) |
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Term
| Describe gill activity in elasmobranchs |
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Definition
| 5-7 gill slits (usually 5). Use ram ventilation (swim with mouth open to move water past gills) and have spiracle (helps with benthic species, don't get dirt in mouth) |
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Term
| Why do pelagic sharks constantly swim? |
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Definition
| Because they are negatively bouyant |
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Term
| Describe the gills of a typical teleost |
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Definition
| Operculum covers gills in pharyngeal cavity, 4 pairs of gill arches covered with gill filaments, 2 stage pump, counter-current exchange of oxygen, large surface, short diffusion distances, well ventilated. |
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Term
| What aspects of fish gills correlates with the fishes activity? |
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Definition
Total number of filaments
Number of lamellae
Diffusion distance |
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Term
| Name the 4 chambers of a fish heart from the incurrent to excurrent chamber |
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Definition
| Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbous arteriosus |
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Term
| Describe counter current exchange in teleost fish |
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Definition
| As the blood flows in the opposite direction to the water, it always flows next to water that has given up less of its oxygen (as opposed to concurrent exchange). This way, the blood is absorbing more and more oxygen as it moves along. Even as the blood reaches the end of the lamella and is 80% or so saturated with oxygen, it is flowing past water which is at the beginning of the lamella and is 90 or 100% saturated. |
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Term
| Describe the two stage pump in teleost fish |
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Definition
Inspiration: mouth open, operculum closed. buccal and operculum cavity grows allowing water in
Expiration: mouth closed, operculum open. Buccal and opercular pump decrease pushes up, allowing water to exit via operculum (positive pressure pump) |
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Term
| What are the locomotory advantages and disadvantages of living in water (high density and viscosity)? |
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Definition
Pros: Increased bouyancy, generate force against medium (incompressible fluid)
Reduce effect of gravity
Cons: Increased drag with increased viscosity
Greater effort/energy needed to swim |
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Term
| How do fishes body forms help reduce drag and increase swimming speed? |
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Definition
| Streamlining, scales and mucus, fusiform body shape |
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Term
| Muscle fibres in fish do not attach directly onto the vertebral column, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blocks of W-shaped muscle segments are called ____ and they are held together by ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and describe the 2 main muscle types in fish |
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Definition
Red: well vascularised, abundant myoglobin, abundand mitochondria, slow contractions, AEROBIC, CRUISING LOCOMOTION
White: Large diameter, myofibrils 80-90% total muscle volume, poorly vascularised, no myoglobin, few mitochondria, rapidly fatigues, fast twich (great power), ANAEROBIC, SPRINT locomotion |
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Term
| The proportion of red muscle in fish can vary from 5 to 25 percent depending on lifestyle, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What creates the generation of thrust in fish? |
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Definition
| Result of tail and body wall creating force against incompressible force (water) |
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Term
| Name and describe the types of locomotion in eels, salmonids, makrell and tunas |
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Definition
Eel: Anguilliform (great yaw)
Salmonids: Subcarangiform
Makrell: Carangiform
Tunas: Thunniform (reduced yaw)
In descending order of yaw intensity (side to side head movement) |
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Term
| Which fins counteract, roll, pitch and yaw? |
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Definition
Roll: Ventral/dorsal
Pitch: Pelvic/pectoral
Yaw: dorsal/ventral |
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Term
| Why do fish tend to be negatively bouyant? |
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Definition
| bone/cartilage/proteins denser than water. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of being negatively bouyant |
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Definition
| Depth regulation: different ecological niches - different temperatures, oxygen, food, predators |
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Term
| Name and describe the two types of lift generated in movement and their considerations |
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Definition
Dynamic lift: generated from movement of fins/tail. High energy expenditure and certain speeds need to be maintained
Static lift: positive bouyancy generated without muscular effort. Achieved by reduction of dense materials/storage of low density materials/storage of gas |
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Term
| How does the sharks liver differ from most other fishes |
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Definition
| Stores large amounts of fats and oils (low density materials) to increase bouyancy. |
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Term
| How is the regulation of basal static lift techniques solved in modern fish? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did the swim bladder arise? |
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Definition
| From the paired lungs of primitive Devonian bony fishes |
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Term
| Describe the basal and derived types of swim bladders |
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Definition
Basal: Physostomous. Gulp air at surface, burp to release air, pneumatic duct for release of gas, gas gland for production of gas
Derived: Physoclistous. sealed chamber, oval window allows reansorption of gas |
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Term
| Describe how gas is produced and taken up by the swim bladder |
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Definition
Gas gland secretes lactic acid, forces haemoglobin to unload oxygen
oxygen diffuses into swim bladder
lactic acid concentrated by rete mirabile (acts as countercurrent multiplier) |
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