Term
| Nematoidea and panarthropoda constitute all of the ecdysozoans, true or false? |
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Definition
| False, doesn't include loricifera, kinorhyncha or priapulida |
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Term
| What does the epicuticle and the procuticle contain during intermolt in ecdysozoans? |
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Definition
Epicuticle - outer most layer
Procuticle - consists of exocuticle (second layer) and endocuticle (principle layer and membranous layer) |
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Term
| What are the steps of molting? |
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Definition
Premolt I (old procuticle separates from epidermis, which secretes a new epicuticle)
Premolt II (new exocuticle secreted, old endocuticle dissolving)
Ecdysis (old epicuticle and exocuticle are discarded)
Postecdysis (New cuticle stretched and unfolded, new endocuticle secreted)
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Term
| What hormone controls ecdysis? What hormone controls life stage? |
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Definition
| Ecdysone, juvenile hormone |
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Term
| What are the defining characteristics of nematoda? |
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Definition
| Unsegmented, acoelomate or pseudocoelomate, eutely, lack of motile cilia, permeable collagenous cuticle, no circular muscles, free living/parasitic |
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Term
| What constitutes the cycloneuralia? |
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Definition
| Nematoidea, and all other ecdysozoans apart from panarthropoda (loricifera, kinorhyncha, priapulida) |
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Term
| What are the main differences between the nematoidea and the nematode allies? (priapulida, kinorhyncha, loricifera) |
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Definition
Collagenous vs chitinous cuticle
Parasitism (only in nematomorpha larvae though) |
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Term
| What is the defining characteristic of nematomorpha? |
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Definition
| All pseudocoelomates (no gut) |
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Term
| What are some main differences between nematomorpha and nematodes? |
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Definition
| Vestigial digestive tracts, do not show eutely |
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Term
| What is the defining feature of the phylum kinorhyncha? |
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Definition
| Body consists of 13 segments |
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Term
| Defining feature of phylum priapulida? |
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Definition
| Eversible anterior introvert with mouth at its end |
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Term
| What is the defining characteristic of the phylum loricifera? |
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Definition
| Spine-like, chitinous scales (scalids) on the introvert are operated by individual muscles |
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Term
| What are the only anoxic metazoans? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superphylum panarthropoda consists of what phylum? |
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Definition
| Onychophora, tardigrada and arthropoda |
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Term
| What are the common features of the superphylum panarthropoda? |
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Definition
| Segmented body, paired appendages, haemocoel |
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Term
| In what phylum do the velvet worms belong? What are their features |
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Definition
| Head bears three pairs of appendages, specialised slime glands discharge adhesive material through openings on the oral papillae |
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Term
| What features do velvet worms share with annelids? |
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Definition
Body wall muscles are smooth and composed of circular, longitudinal and diagonal elements
Single pair of jaws present
No jointed appendages
Hydrostatic skeleton
Pair of nephridia
Ocelli
Deformable outer body wall |
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Term
| What features to onychophora share with arthropods? |
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Definition
Chitinous cuticle
Haemocoel
Spiracles/tracheal system for gas exchange
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Term
| The glassy sugar coated state tardigrada can enter is an example of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the defining feature of the phylum tardigrada? |
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Definition
| Mouthparts incude protrusible oral stylets for piercing plant (and animal) tissues |
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Term
| What are the similarities/differences between tardigrada and arthropods? |
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Definition
Sim: Chitinous cuticles, striated muscles, haemocoel, lack motile cilia
Diff: Appendages not jointed, enterocoely, cryptobiosis |
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Term
| Compare metamerism to tagmatisation |
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Definition
Metamerism: Body plan with linear repetition of functional units, which are added at the posterior end
Tagmatisation: Segments grouped into functional units under genetic control during development (head, thorax, abdomen) |
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Term
| Describe segmentation in ancestral vs derived arthropods |
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Definition
| Metamerism in ancestral, tagmatisation in derived (and appendages adapted for function |
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Term
| Explain uniramous vs biramous appendages |
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Definition
| Biramous has endopod and exopod |
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Term
| What are the 4 phyum within the arthropoda and their characteristics? |
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Definition
Chelicerata: loss of antennae, chelicerae, cephalothorax and abdoment tagmata
myriapoda: Tagmata=head + trunk, loss of compound eye
crustacea: Biramous antennae (2 pairs), 2 pairs maxillae, nauplius larva
hexapoda: unique tracheal system, 6 legs, head thorax and abdomen |
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Term
| What unites the mandibulata and the pancrustacea? |
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Definition
Mandibulata: Mandibles (myriopoda, crustacea, hexapoda)
Pancrustacea (Most head appendages used for feeding sometime in life, Tripartite brain (crustacea+hexapoda) |
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Term
| The subphylum Chelicerate contains which groups? What are their features? |
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Definition
Pycnogonida: Body not divided into distinct regions, unique anterior proboscis, variable number of walking legs
Merostomata: book gills, telson
Arachnida: Slit sensilla, abdominal appendages reduced, lost or modified, 4 pairs walking legs, water-proof waxy layer, internal gas exchange organs, malphigian tubules/coxal glands, external digestion (then digestion in pre-oral cavity |
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Term
| What are the three orders of Arachnidae? |
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Definition
Araneae: Spiders
Scorpiones:
Acari: ticks and mites |
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Term
| What are the two classes of Myriapoda and their characteristics? |
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Definition
Chilopoda (centipedes) -unwaxed cuticle, spiracles don't close, appendages uniramous, venom claw, compound eyes,
Diplopoda (millipedes) - lack compound eyes, cuticle not waxy (hard), repugnatory glands, biramous appendages |
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Term
| What are the defining features of Hexapoda? |
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Definition
| 3 pairs of legs all uniramous, three distinct tagmata, loss of all abdominal appendages |
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Term
| Explain basal and derived wing structures in insecta |
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Definition
Basal (heavily sclerotised, held out, muscles attach directly to wing)
Derived (lighter and less sclerotisation, folded, muscles attach to thorax instead) |
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Term
| Are there intermediate stages between apterygots and pterygotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Apterygotes are metabolous insects, true or false? |
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Definition
| False, they are ametabolous (no change) |
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Term
| What are the two types of metamorphosis in insects? |
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Definition
Hemimetabolous (gradual or incomplete)
Holometabolous (complete) |
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Term
| Which insects have imaginal discs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main characteristics of eusocial insects? |
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Definition
Co-operative care of developing embryos and larvae
Sterile individuals for labour, fertile for reproduction
Overlap of 2 or more generations |
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Term
| What is haplodiploidy in eusocial insects? |
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Definition
| sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. |
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Term
| Crustaceans use gills for respiration, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare crustacean basal/derived body plans |
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Definition
Basal: head+trunk with numerous similar appendages
Derived: reduced segments, regional specialisation (tagmatisation) |
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