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BIOL 3320
Final Lecture Exam
100
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/03/2013

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Cards

Term
In a homeostatic reflex control mechanism, a gland would be considered a(n):
Definition
effector
Term
Because they require lots of oxygen to metabolically maintain a relatively high, relatively constant body temperature, birds and _____ have a four chambered heart.
Definition
mammals
Term
Because some early anatomist smoking jerky thought they looked like ears, the structures covering the upper chambers of the heart are called:
Definition
auricles
Term
The left side of the heart is called the _____ pump because it pumps blood to all areas of the body except the lungs.
Definition
systemic
Term
The ____ atrioventricular valve contains three cusps.
Definition
right
Term
The portion of the blood circulatory system where the arteries are diagrammed in ____ and the veins are diagrammed in ____ is the pulmonary circulation.
Definition
blue/red
Term
____ muscle cells are referred to as smooth muscle becuase they do not contain microscopically visible stripes.
Definition
visceral
Term
Cardiac muscle cells differ from the other types of muscle cells because they depolarize without receiving:
Definition
nerve impulses
Term
Because it depolarizes and repolarizes the most rapidly, the ____ is called the physiological pacemaker.
Definition
SA Node
Term
The structure that carries depolarization from the ____ to the interventricular septum is the bundle of HIS
Definition
AV Node
Term
All four heart valves are closed during ____ contraction
Definition
isovolumetric
Term
A torn valve flap would be most likely to cause a(n):
Definition
heart murmur
Term
If your heart contains a patent foramen ovale, blood can flow directly from your ____ to your ____.
Definition
right atrium/left atrium
Term
The most general term for blockage of a coronary artery is coronary:
Definition
occlusion
Term
Water is the ____ component of whole blood
Definition
most abundant
Term
Of the three most abundant plasma proteins, the one of those three that is the least abundant is:
Definition
fibrinogen
Term
Using Poiseulille's equation solved for pressure, we know if ____ increases blood pressure will decrease.
Definition
blood vessel radius
Term
Which of the following is not a function of supply vessels?
Definition
they allow materials to enter and leave the blood
Term
____ are different from all of the other blood vessels in your body in that they contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backward
Definition
medium veins
Term
The least leaky of the various kinds of capillaries are the:
Definition
continuous capillaries
Term
Which of the following would have the least proportion of elastic connective tissue in its walls?
Definition
an arteriole
Term
Because it results from mutation of a gene of the ____ chromosome, hemophelia is called sex linked.
Definition
X
Term
Fibrin is the only molecule in the clotting process that is ____ in the water of blood plasma
Definition
insoluble
Term
Only the ____ of blood vessel punctures can be "fixed" by the hemostatic mechanism called vascular spasm.
Definition
tiniest
Term
Which of the following must be the case for Rh incompatability to be a problem?
Definition
the fetus must be Rh positive
Term
Your dad has told you that his blood type is AB and your mom's is type A. Which ABO blood type would be impossible for you or your biological siblings to have?
Definition
O
Term
Of the ABO blood types, people with ____ can be that (those) type(s) with one of two different genotypes.
Definition
type A & type B
Term
The ABO blood type that is sometimes referred to as the universal donor is:
Definition
O
Term
The least abundant leukocyte is the:
Definition
basophil
Term
The large bone marrow cell, the megakaryocyte, is responsible for producing circulating:
Definition
platelets
Term
Erythrocytes are the most abundant of all the blood's:
Definition
formed elements
Term
Which of the following is not in the "other solutes" category of substances dissolved in the water of blood plasma?
Definition
albumin
Term
Because the pressure inside vascular capillaries pushing out is greater than that on the outside pushing in, ____ is (are) formed.
Definition
lymphatic fluid
Term
The thoracic duct is the largest ____ in your body?
Definition
lymphatic duct
Term
The thymus gland is a structure located in the upper part of the ____ cavity that is involved in the development of the immune response.
Definition
chest
Term
Which of the following is not a way that lymphatic fluid is moved through lymph vessels?
Definition
the spleen pulses rhythmically to push lymph along
Term
Viruses are prevented from infecting cells at the surface of your skin becuase over most of your body those cells are:
Definition
dead
Term
The receipt of Sabin polio vaccine on a sugar cube provides you with an example of
Definition
artificial active immunity
Term
The types of lymphocytes that have to be "processed" after they leave bone marrow before they can respond to antigens are the:
Definition
T-cells
Term
As opposed to T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes are said to be involved with the ____ mediated immunity
Definition
humoral
Term
The only cell type that can manufacture and secrete ____ is the plasma cell
Definition
antibody
Term
Helper t-cells are infected by HIV to cause the clinical condition known as:
Definition
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Term
As opposed to the secondary immune response, the primary immune immune response, the relative amounts of IgM and IgG produced are:
Definition
nearly equal
Term
The portion of the pharynx opposite the opening into the lower respiratory tract is the:
Definition
laryngopharynx
Term
The cartilage that covers the opening between the pharynx and the larynx when you swallow is the:
Definition
epiglottis
Term
The thyroid cartilage is called that because it is shaped like a(n):
Definition
shield
Term
The alveoli are the only structures in the lung with walls ____ enough to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to cross.
Definition
thin
Term
Of all the respiratory volumes that can be added together to equal total lung capacity, the smallest is:
Definition
tidal volume
Term
To forcibly exhale by decreasing the diameter of your chest cavity, you contract your:
Definition
internal intercostals
Term
The condition that occurs when the walls of the aveoli "blow out" is:
Definition
emphysema
Term
Most of the oxygen carried in our blood is transported bound to the ____ atom in the heme of hemoglobin
Definition
iron
Term
Most of the carbon dioxide carried in your blood is transported:
Definition
as bicarbonate ion
Term
Because it binds irreversibly to hemoglobin preventing oxygen attachment, ____ inhalation can result in death.
Definition
carbon monoxide
Term
Normally, a person has two ____ and one ____.
Definition
ureters/urethra
Term
A renal calyx is a small branch of the renal:
Definition
pelvis
Term
The portion of a nephron that is a fenestrated capillary is the:
Definition
glomerulus
Term
The combination of a glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's Capsule is called a renal:
Definition
corpuscle
Term
All of the nephron collecting ducts in your kidneys are located in the renal:
Definition
pyramids
Term
Of the three processes that occurs in the kidney that produce fluid much like blood plasma and convert it into urine, the one that is least specific is:
Definition
glomerular filtration
Term
The nitrogenous waste that is eliminated in human urine in the greatest amount is:
Definition
urea
Term
Because an early microscopist thought they looked like feet, the Bowman's Capsule cells that cover the glomerulus most tightly are called:
Definition
podocytes
Term
It is relatively easy to move materials in and out of the nephron because every segment of it is ____ cell layer(s) thick.
Definition
one
Term
Under normal circumstances, which of the following is completely removed from the nephron by tubular reabsorption and is not present in urine.
Definition
glucose
Term
The nephron is a very clever structure because it keeps the concentration of ____ inside it greater than the concentration outside, so that substance will be passively absorbed.
Definition
water
Term
If your pituitary gland secretes a relatively large amount of antidiuretic hormone, which of the following will happen?
Definition
less urine will be formed
Term
Aldosterone is a(n) ____ hormone that causes the nephron to reabsorb more sodium ion.
Definition
steroid
Term
When the ____ sphincter contracts, it closes the opening between the small intestine and the large intestine.
Definition
colic
Term
Which of the following teeth is not present in the deciduous (baby) set of teeth?
Definition
third molar
Term
The phase of deglutition that is completely involuntary is the ____ phase.
Definition
esophageal
Term
the funnel shaped lower portion of the stomach is called the:
Definition
pylorus
Term
The shortest segment of the small intestine is the:
Definition
duodenum
Term
The only enzyme in saliva begins the chemical digestion of:
Definition
starch
Term
Because the material in the stomach is ____, bicarbonate in pancreatic juice is necessary to protect the small intestine.
Definition
acid
Term
Carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases digest peptides into:
Definition
amino acids
Term
Liver bile is dumped from the gall bladder into the small intestine to facilitate the digestion of:
Definition
fat
Term
The term anabolism refers to all the ____ reactions that occur in your body
Definition
synthesis
Term
All of the enzymes required for ____ are located in the cytoplasm of your cells
Definition
glycolysis
Term
When glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, the water comes from:
Definition
electron transport
Term
When glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water by glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport, on the order of 40% of the energy released is transferred to ATP. The remaining 60% of the energy:
Definition
is given off as heat
Term
Which of the following is not a traditional endocrine gland?
Definition
thymus gland
Term
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior portion of the pituitary gland?
Definition
ADH
Term
The hormone that increases the amount of calcium ion in your blood is:
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone
Definition
insulin
Term
A molecule that is frequently produced inside a target cell and serves as a second messenger for a hydrophilic hormone is:
Definition
cAMP
Term
The receptor molecules for steroid hormones are located ____ their target cells
Definition
inside
Term
The mechanisms by which hydrophilic hormones change what is happening inside their target cells can be described as:
Definition
rapid on, rapid off
Term
A hydrophobic hormone receptor complex goes to the target cell nucleus to act as a ____ factor and "turn on" a gene
Definition
transcription
Term
In the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid feedback axis, thyroid hormone feeds back to inhibit secretion of the ____ by the pituitary gland
Definition
TSH
Term
The chemical element that is unique to thyroid hormone is:
Definition
iodine
Term
Type I, insulin-dependent (once called juvenile) diabetes mellitus happens when your own immune system destroys the ____ cells in your pancreas
Definition
beta
Term
For the undifferentiated genital ridge to develop into a testis requires the presence of a(n) ____ chromosome
Definition
Y
Term
The structures inside the testis within which sperm cells are produced are the:
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
The interstitial cells of the testes produce testosterone when they are stimulated by the pituitary hormone called:
Definition
LH
Term
The ejaculatory duct is the portion of the ____ where it connects to the urethra
Definition
vas deferens
Term
The event that typically (but not always) occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle is:
Definition
ovulation
Term
From the standpoint of the ovary, the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle are called the ____ phase
Definition
follicular
Term
If pregnancy occurs ____ "rescues" the corpus luteum and keeps it producing estrogen and progesterone through the first third of pregnancy
Definition
hCG
Term
If fertilization is going to happen, it will occur in the:
Definition
upper third of the oviduct
Term
The ____ week of pregnancy is called the period of the three-layered embryo
Definition
third
Term
The pituitary hormone that is required for synthesis of milk in the mammary gland is:
Definition
prolactin
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