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BIOL 3320
Final Lab Exam Digestive System
61
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/02/2013

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Term
Gastrointestinal (G.I.) Tract a.k.a. Alimentary Canal
Definition
tube that runs from mouth to anus (~9 meters or 30 feet)
Term
Primary Organs
Definition
mouth, most of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine (comes in direct contact with food)
Term
Accessory Organs
Definition
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas (aid in digestion)
Term
Mucosa
Definition
innermost layer, mucous membrane, comes into contact with food/nutrients/waste material
Term
Submucosa
Definition
contains the blood & lymphatic vessels & neuronal network
Term
Muscularis
Definition
muscular layer; two parts
Term
Mouth, Pharynx, Superior & Middle Esophagus
Definition
contain skeletal muscle which allows for voluntary swallowing
Term
Rest of the G.I. Tract
Definition
contains 2-3 layers of smooth muscle which propel food
Term
Serosa
Definition
superficial layer, called Adventitia in the Esophagus, thin membrane that suspends the GI tract in the abdominopel cavity. Also called peritoneum
Term
Oral Cavity
Definition
the mouth, accepts food, site of mastication (chewing) & onset of chemical digestion (salivary amylase) of starches
Term
Pharynx
Definition
tube-like passageway, extends from the internal nares to the split of the esophagus (posterior) & larynx (anterior)
Term
Esophagus
Definition
starts where the laryngopharynx ends, muscular tube that carries food to the stomach
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
rhythmic muscular contractions that move food along G.I. tract
Term
Stomach
Definition
"J" shaped, hollow, muscular enlargement of the G.I. tract. Site of most mechanical digestion, & food storage. Chemical digestion of protein begins (Pepsin)
Term
Cardia
Definition
surrounds the region that the esophagus enters
Term
Lower Esophageal (Cardiac) Sphincter
Definition
valve that opens into the stomach
Term
Fundus
Definition
rounded superior region left of the Cardia, storage area
Term
Body
Definition
inferior to Fundus, large central churning chamber
Term
Greater Curvature
Definition
convex lateral curve of the body
Term
Lesser Curvature
Definition
concave medial curve of body
Term
Rugae
Definition
large folds in the mucosal layer
Term
Pylorus
Definition
region that connects the stomach to the small intestine
Term
Pyloric Sphincter
Definition
valve that opens into the small intestine
Term
Small Intestine
Definition
organ where most chemical digestion occurs & primary site of nutrient absorption
Term
Duodenum
Definition
begins at pyloric sphincter
Term
Jejunum
Definition
middle segement of small intestine
Term
Ileum
Definition
last segment, extends to cecum of the large intestine
Term
Ileocecal Sphincter
Definition
valve that separates small & large intestines
Term
Villi
Definition
finger-like projections lining the lumen, allow for greater surface area
Term
Microvilli
Definition
hair-like projections of the cell
Term
Plicae Circulares
Definition
circular folds, permanent ridges that increase surface area
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
organ where water is reabsorbed, vitamin K is produced, & formation & expulsion of waste material
Term
Cecum
Definition
pouch-like structure where Ileum attaches
Term
Vermiform Appendix
Definition
"worm-shaped" hollow tube, serves no function in humans
Term
Ascending Colon
Definition
the colon that goes up
Term
Transverse Colon
Definition
the colon that moves across the abdomen from right to left
Term
Descending Colon
Definition
the colon that goes down
Term
Rectum
Definition
holds waste material
Term
Anal Canal
Definition
last 3 inches of the rectum
Term
Anal Sphincter
Definition
closes the anus except during elimination of waste
Term
Salivary Glands
Definition
secrete saliva containing Salivary Amylase, which begins chemical digestion of starches
Term
Parotid Gland
Definition
inferior & anterior to the ears, secretes saliva into oral cavity
Term
Submandibular Gland
Definition
found beneath the base of the tongue in posterior floor of mouth, open at base of tongue
Term
Sublingual Gland
Definition
superior to submandibular glands, open into floor of the mouth
Term
Liver
Definition
secretes bile, regulates metabolism, detoxifies substances, & stores minerals
Term
Gall Bladder
Definition
stores & releases (DOES NOT MAKE) bile which emulsifies (encapsulates it so it can be digested) fats
Term
Pancreas
Definition
adds enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion & modulates blood sugar levels
Term
Exocrine
Definition
secretes trypsin that digests protein & pancreatic amylase that digest carbohydrates (glands that have ducts)
Term
Endocrine
Definition
secrets hormones (glucagons & insulin) that raise & lower blood sugar (glands without ducts)
Term
Bolus
Definition
soft round mass of chewed & swallowed food
Term
Deglutition
Definition
swallowing
Term
Chyme
Definition
food mixed with digestive enzymes in stomach & small intestine
Term
Visceral Peritoneum
Definition
serosa, membrane that lines organs in abdominal cavity
Term
Falciform Ligament
Definition
connects the two large lobes of the liver
Term
Greater Omentum
Definition
large fold of serosa that hangs down over intestines
Term
Defecation
Definition
removal/excretion of waste (poop)
Term
Upper Esophageal Sphincter
Definition
allows for passage of bolus from laryngopharynx into the esophagus
Term
Lower Esophageal(Cardiac) Sphincter
Definition
allows for passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach
Term
Pyloric Sphinchter
Definition
allows for passage of chyme from stomach to duodenum
Term
Ileocecal Sphincter
Definition
closes off the ileum of the small intestine from the cecum of the large intestine
Term
Anal Sphincter
Definition
closes the anus
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