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BIOL 302 - Exam III
Lab 7-10
96
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/04/2009

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Term
respiratory system - conducting portion
Definition
series of tubes that conduct air from the external environment to the lungs and back
Term
respiratory system - respiratory portion
Definition
the site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and the bloodstream
Term
parts of the upper respiratory system
Definition
  1. nose
  2. pharynx
Term
parts of the lower respiratory system
Definition
  1. larynx
  2. trachea
  3. bronchi
  4. lungs
Term
pathway of air
Definition
nostrils/mouth --> nasal conchae (warms air) --> nasopharynx --> oropharynx --> larynx --> trachea
Term
components of mucosa -- innermost layer
Definition
  • epithelium - tall columnar in trachea, cuboidal in bronchioles, squamous in alveoli
  • lamina propria - supporting layer of loose connective tissue
  • elastic layer/muscularis mucosa - thin elastic layer in trachea regulates airway diameter, replaced by smooth muscle in bronchi
Term
submucosa of airways
Definition
supporting layer of loose connective tissue that contains clusters of tracheal glands
Term
hyaline cartilage of airways
Definition
  • begins as band partially surrounding trachea to prevent collapse
  • separates into plates and smaller rods further down tree
  • disappears at bronchioles
Term
adventita of airways
Definition
outer layer of connective tissue
Term
histological features of trachea and bronchi
Definition
  1. epithelium of pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells (changing to ciliated simple columnar in bronchioles)
  2. goblet cells
  3. submucosal mucous glands
Term
histology of bronchioles
Definition
  1. simple columnar epithelium
  2. cilia and goblet cells
  3. no cartilage or glands
  4. relatively thick muscle
Term
histology of terminal bronchioles
Definition
  1. low columnar epithelium
  2. no goblet cells
  3. muscle still present
Term
histology of respiratory bronchioles
Definition
  1. simple cuboidal epithelium
  2. alveoli interrupt duct
  3. muscle still present
Term
histology of alveoli
Definition
  1. back to back simple squamous epithelial and endothelial cells
  2. no muscle present
Term
alveoli
Definition
polyhedral sacs, 600 million present, with no smooth muscle and very thin walls, contain three kind of cells, site of gas exchange
Term
simple squamous Type I alveolar cells
Definition
form most of the alveolar wall, contain tight junctions with each other to prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into alveolar air spaces
Term
Type II alveolar cells
Definition
form tight junctions with type I cells, secrete surfactant
Term
surfactant
Definition
lipoprotein material, reduces surface tension in the alveoli -- reduces effort required for inspiration
Term
alveolar macrophages
Definition
present in the interior of the alveolar walls; able to move to lyphatic vessels, connective tissue, or pleura; often contain bacteria and phagocytized carbon particles in their cytoplasm
Term
pathway of oxygen from alveolar air into blood
Definition
  1. alveolar fluid with surfactant
  2. simple squamous epithelial cells of alveolus
  3. basement membrane of type I cells
  4. basement membrane of capillary endothelium
  5. capillary endothelial cell
  6. blood plasma
  7. RBC membrane
Term
bronchial arteries
Definition
nourishes the trachea and airways of the bronchial tree with oxygen-rich blood, arise from the arteries
Term
pulmonary arteries
Definition
carry roughly 99% of blood to the lungs, oxygen-poor
Term
pneumonia
Definition
infection in the alveolar tissue of the lung in which exudate (fluid due to inflammation) fills the alveoli, thereby rendering them airless and solid
Term
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
Definition
diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema; characterized by significant airflow obstruction that causes coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea
Term
bronchitis
Definition
prolonged inflammation of the bronchi, most often due to cigarette smoking, which leads to a chronic increase in bronchial mucus and causes shortness of breath and a chronic coughwith expectoration
Term
emphysema
Definition
disintegration of alveolar walls, producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during expiration; blood oxygen level is somewhat lowered and compliance increases due to loss of elastic fibers
Term
asthma
Definition
characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli, and airway obstruction that is at least partially reversible
Term
tuberculosis
Definition
progressive destruction of lung tissue due to intracellular parasites that spread locally by migration of microphages
Term
pneumoconioses
Definition
a group of diseases produced by the inhalation of dust
Term
silicosis
Definition
occurs in miners and in those whose work entails exposure to silica dust, which leads to a chronic inflammatory condition that leads to marked fibrosis of the alveolar walls
Term
asbestosis
Definition
affects workers who fabircate asbestos fibers but not the miners who quarry it, predisposes the patient to cancer of the lung and to mesothelioma of the pleura
Term
coal worker's pneumoconiosis (black lung disease)
Definition
due to the inhalation of carbon, very little inflammatory reaction or fibrosis unless there is coexistent silicosis
Term
ventilation
Definition
movement of air into and out of the lungs, results from pressure difference between the pulmonary air and the atmosphere
Term
diaphragm
Definition
the muscle that regulates the thoracic volume in normal ventilation
Term
tidal volume
Definition
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal quiet breath, averaging 350-800 mL/breath in adults
Term
inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume
Term
expiratory reserve volume
Definition
the amount of air that can still be expired by forceful expiration at the end of a normal tidal expiration
Term
residual volume
Definition
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal (forced) exhalation; cannot be measured, just estimated
Term
inspiratory capacity
Definition
tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume, or the maximum amount of gas that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation
Term
functional residual capacity
Definition
expiratory reserve volume plus reserve volume, or the amount of gas left in the lungs after a normal exhilation
Term
vital capacity
Definition
inspiratory reserve volume plus total volume plus expiratory reserve volume, or the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation (total amount of air you can move in and out)
Term
total lung capacity
Definition
the total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximal forced inspiration
Term
obstructive lung disease
Definition
decreased airway diameter (emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma)

reduced FEVv, FEV1/VC, MVV
Term
restrictive lung disorders
Definition
reduction in the total lung capacity with a normal ability to move air rapidly (pulmonary fibrosis, TB, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, or polio)

TLC, VC
Term
gonads
Definition
primary reproductive organs, testes in males and ovaries in females
Term
funtions of gonads
Definition
1. production of reproductive cells
2. secretion of sex hormones
Term
seminiferous tubules
Definition
site of sperm production
Term
epididymis
Definition
site of maturation of sperm, where they become motile and fertile
Term
vas deferens
Definition
storage site for sperm, smooth muscled walls propel semen into urethra
Term
seminal vesicles
Definition
secretes alkaline fluid with sperm to help neutralize acidic environment of female reproductive tract, and fructose to serve as an energy source to power the contractile apparatus of the sperm tail
Term
prostate
Definition
surrounds ejaculatory duct, secretes thin, milky fluid
Term
bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)
Definition
two pea-sized glands that release thick mucous fluid into urethra in response to sexual stimulation
Term
spermatogonia
Definition
undifferentiated germ cells lining the periphery of each seminiferous tubule, undergo spermatogenesis at the age of sexual maturity
Term
primary spermatocytes
Definition
contain 2n chromosomes, undergo meiosis to eventually produce sperm
Term
secondary spermatocyte
Definition
contains n chromosomes, result of meiosis I in primary spermatocytes
Term
spermatids
Definition
result of meiosis II in secondary spermatocytes, continue to mature into spermatozoa
Term
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
Definition
secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates spermatogenesis
Term
Sertoli cells
Definition
held together by tight junctions at bases and form continuous barrier, support and nourish spermatogenic cells
Term
Leydig cells
Definition
secrete testosterone, found in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules
Term
LH - lutenizing hormone
Definition
regulates testosterone secretion by Leydig cells, secreted by anterior pituitary
Term
GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
Definition
secreted from the hypothalamus, controls release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
Term
oogonia
Definition
precursors to ova, production of which starts during fetal development
Term
primordial follicles
Definition
consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells
Term
primary follicles
Definition
primordial follicles stimulated to grow, surrounded by one layer of follicular cells and 6-7 layers of granulosa cells, undergoes meiosis I to result in a secondary oocyte
Term
secondary oocyte
Definition
contains n chromosomes and a small polar body, results from meiosis I of the primary follicle
Term
first step in follicle development
Definition
the ovum in each follicle begins to enlarge, zona pellucida appears along with granulosa and theca cells that secrete fluid that accumulates within the follicle
Term
second step in follicle development
Definition
estrogen is secreted by secondary follicle, oocyte becomes embedded in granulosa cells, decreased FSH levels caused by estrogen causes formation of dominant follicle
Term
third step in follicle development
Definition
dominant follicle grows to mature (graafian) follicle, LH level increases dramatically with small increase in FSH that cause swelling of follicle that culminates in ovulation
Term
fourth step in ovulation
Definition
egg cell, with corona radiata and follicular fluid, is expelled from ovary and caught by fimbrae
Term
fifth step of ovulation
Definition
corpus luteum formation stimulated by LH, secretes progesterone and additional estrogen that inhibit release of LH and FSH so additional follicles don't develop, also stimulate changes in lining of uterus
Term
sixth step in fertilization
Definition
(no fertilization) corpus luteum ceases to produce hormones and degenerates into corpus albicans, declining levels of progesterone and estrogen lead to increased levels of FSH and LH
Term
hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin
Definition
hormone produced by placenta after ovum is fertilized, allows corpus luteum to persist
Term
three layers of uterus (deep to superficial)
Definition
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
Term
histology of endometrium
Definition
columnar secretory epithelium supported by lamina propria of connective tissue
Term
histology of myometrium
Definition
layer of uterine tissue composed of smooth muscle
Term
histology of perimetrium
Definition
outermost layer of serous membrane of uterus
Term
phases of the menstrual cycle
Definition
1. proliferation phase
2. secretory phase
3. menstrual phase
Term
proliferation phase of menstrual cycle
Definition
growing ovarian follicles secrete estrogen, which stimulates growth of endometrium and arterioles that nourish it
Term
secretory phase of menstrual cycle
Definition
progesterone causes endometrium to become an active secretory tissue, uterine glands become filled with glycogen and mucin, and arterioles continue to grow. changes provide hospitable environment for fertilized ovum to implant.
Term
menstrual phase
Definition
if fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels drop. arterioles constrict and endometrium dies and sloughs off.
Term
syngamy
Definition
fertilization of secondary oocyte with sperm, triggers block to polyspermy
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
hollow portion of skull that contains brain
Term
spinal cavity
Definition
long tubular canal within vertebrae that contains the spinal cord
Term
ventral cavity
Definition
large cavity that encompasses chest and abdominal regions
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
the upper portion of ventral cavity located above the diaphragm, consists of four portions: right/left pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity
Term
pleural cavities (right and left)
Definition
cavities containing the right and left lungs
Term
mediastinum
Definition
space between the pleural cavities that contains the pericardial cavity, a portion of the esophagus and trachea, the thymus, the aorta and vena cavae, pulmonary artery and veins, and lymph vessels and nerves
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
portion of the ventral cavity that is inferior to the diaphragm, consists of abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
the cavity that contains the stomach, liver, appendix, gallbladder, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
the cavity that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, uterus, and ovaries
Term
serum
Definition
self-secreted fluid that eases the movement of the viscera against the cavity walls
Term
parietal pleurae
Definition
membranes that line the pleural cavities
Term
visceral pleurae
Definition
membranes that cover the lungs
Term
pericardium
Definition
the double layered membrane that surrounds the heart
Term
peritoneum
Definition
the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
Term
mesenteries
Definition
double-layered folds in the peritoneum, extend from the body wall to the viscera and hold organs in place
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