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Biochem IG Chemicals
Chemicals
139
Anatomy
Professional
09/11/2012

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Term
Amino acids are incorporated into
Definition
protiens
Term
All amino acids exist in the L-Form except
Definition
glycine
Term
Glycine does not contain
Definition
chiral carbon
Term
Glycine is the most abundant amino acid in
Definition
collagen
Term
Chiral carbons allow for
Definition
different compounds at each binding site
Term
Which amino acids are amphoteric
Definition
all of them are
Term
What is the mneumonic for essential amino acids?
Definition
PVT TIM HALL
Term
PVT stands for
Definition
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Term
TIM stands for
Definition
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Term
HALL stands for
Definition
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
Term
Which amino acid is conditionally essential
Definition
histidine (essential for child but not adult)
Term
Which amino acids are purely ketogenic
Definition
leucine
lysine
Term
Which amino acid is a precursor to carnitine
Definition
lysine
Term
What takes FA into the mitochondria for beta oxidation
Definition
carnitine
Term
Which amino acids are aromatic
Definition
phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine
Term
Which aromatic amino acids are essential
Definition
phenylalanine, tryptophan
Term
Which aromatic essential amino acid has an indole ring
Definition
tryptophan
Term
Which amino acids contain sulfur
Definition
cysteine, methionine, cystine
Term
Which sulfur containing amino acids are essential
Definition
methionine
Term
Which amino acid contains sulfur and has 2 cysteines linked together
Definition
cystine
Term
What are three branched chain amino acids
Definition
leucine, isoleucine, valine (LIV) (all essential)
Term
If a patient can not break down branched chain amino acids they will have
Definition
maple syrup urine disease
Term
Which amino acids are acidic
Definition
aspartate and glutamate
(oxaloacetate and alpha ketoglutemate)
NEITHER ESSENTIAL
Term
Aspartame contains
Definition
aspartic acid and in excess is neurotoxic
Term
Which are the basic amino acids
Definition
histidine, arginine, lysine,
Term
Which amino acids have the greatest postitive net charge at normal pH of blood?
Definition
Basic amino acids (histidine, arginine, lysine)
Term
Limiting amino acids of Wheats, rice, grains are
Definition
lysine
Term
Limiting amino acids of Legumes (beans, peas, chickpeas, fruitin pod)
Definition
tryptophan
Term
Limiting amino acids of maize (corn)
Definition
lysine and tryptophan
Term
Limiting amino acids of pulses (legumes)
Definition
methionine (or cysteine)
Term
Limiting amino acids of egg and chicken are
Definition
none
Term
A deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase will =
Definition
phenylketonuria (PKU) [cannot convert to tyrosine]
Term
Catecholamines all end in ine which are
Definition
tyrosine- Ldopa- dopamine- norepinephrine- epinephrine
Term
Tyrosine converts to L-dopa to create
Definition
melanin
Term
Albinism is when
Definition
the body can not convert L dopa to melanin
Term
Tyrosine is equal to
Definition
T3 and T4
Term
Tryptophan is the precursor for
Definition
serotonin and melatonin
Term
Tryptophan is also the precursor for
Definition
Niacin (B3) and Nicotinamide
Term
For every 10 kg of body weight we need ___ grams of protein
Definition
8
Term
If there was a 100kg person how much protein would they need
Definition
80g
Term
What Is it called when the pH of an amino acid when there is no net electrical charge
Definition
Isoelectric point
Term
What is it called when there is an amino acid with a charge of zero? (isoelectric point)***
Definition
zwitter ion
Term
What is a tripeptide of glycine + Glutamate + Cysteine
Definition
Glutathione
Term
What is the mineral for enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase
Definition
Selenium (Se)
Term
What is 2 polypeptide chains linked by a disulfide bond?
Definition
insulin
Term
What is not part of the animal cell membrane but helps glucose bind to the cell **
Definition
insulin
Term
What are two polypeptide hormones
Definition
insulin and glucagon
Term
what are two catecholamines
Definition
epinepherine, norepinepharine
Term
what are 4 steroids
Definition
testosterone, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone
Term
what is the characteristic bond of all protiens
Definition
peptide
Term
Formation of a peptide bond is a
Definition
condensation bond
Term
Primary bonds are
Definition
linear (peptide)
Term
Secondary bonds are
Definition
alpha helices and beta pleated sheets with both structures held together by a hydrogen bond
Term
Example of a secondary bond
Definition
DNA strands together
Term
Tertiary bonds are
Definition
folding of a single polypeptide in solution
Term
Example of tertiary
Definition
myoglobin (disulfide bond)
Term
Quaternary bonds are
Definition
association of 2 or more polypeptide chains to make a functional protein
Term
example of a quaternary bond
Definition
Hemoglobin (alpha2beta2) Allosteric compond
Hydrogen and disulfide bonds
Term
Quaternary bonds like hemoglobin are
Definition
disulfide bonds that connect the light and heavy chains of an antibody
Term
All enzymes are
Definition
catalysts by increasing the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy
Term
Are enzymes consumed in a reaction
Definition
no
Term
What is defined as a molecule which enzymes act upon
Definition
substrate
Term
What is a measure of the affinity that an enzyme has toward the substrate
Definition
Km
Term
A decrease in Km will ___ the affinity
Definition
increase (inverse relationship)
Term
The max velocity of the enzyme is the
Definition
Vmax
Term
Km is = to
Definition
1/2 vmax
Term
Which factors affect the reaction velocity
Definition
ph, concentration, temperature
Term
Maximum velocity of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is the
Definition
Vmax
Term
At Full Vmax the enzyme will be
Definition
fully saturated
Term
The amount of sustrate required to reach 1/2 of vmax is known as
Definition
Km
Term
The greatest affinity will be at
Definition
Km
Term
What type of inhibitors bind at the binding site and do not let the substrate bind
Definition
competitive inhibitors
Term
Competitive inhibitors will
Definition
increase the Km
No change in Vmax
Affinity goes down
Term
Non competitive inhibitors will
Definition
bind anywhere other than the site
Term
Noncompetitive inhibitors will have
Definition
no change in Km
decrease in the Vmax (takes longer to reach vmax)
Term
What are the type of enzymes that act as rate limiting steps for an entire metabolic pathway
Definition
allosteric enzymes
Term
Allosteric enzymes will change shape to
Definition
inhibit or activate
Term
Allosteric enzyme activity will be modulated by allosteric effectors for example
Definition
PFK is inhibited by increased ATP
Term
What is the measure of the amount of energy available to determine if a reaction is energetically possible
Definition
Gibbs free energy
Term
if delta g is at 0
Definition
equilibrium
Term
IF delta g is +
Definition
reaction is non spontaneous/unfavorable Endergonic
Term
if delta g is (-)
Definition
reaction is spontaneous/favorable exergonic (heat)
Term
If the free energy of a reaction is -5.14 it is
Definition
spontaneous/favorable/exergonic
Term
if the free energy is 6.24 it is
Definition
nonspontaneous/nonfavorable/endergonic
Term
What are converted to coenzymes in the body?
Definition
vitamins
Term
Minerals are converted to
Definition
cofactors
Term
What is the active form vitamin B1 Thiamine
Definition
Thiamine pyrophosphate
Term
Vitamin B1 thiamine cause what reaction?
Definition
decarboxylation (removal of CO2)
Term
If there is deficiency of vitamin B1 thiamine what disease will incur
Definition
Beri Beri (wet-cardiovascular; Dry- PNS)
Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome
Term
What disease will the patient have numbness of the legs
Definition
Dry Beri Beri
Term
What disease will the patient have psychosis with dimentia
Definition
Wernicke korsakoff
Term
What is the active form of Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
Definition
FAD (flavin Adenine dinucleotide)
Term
What is the reaction of B2 Riboflavin
Definition
Oxidation/Reduction Reaction=
Dehydrogenase Enzyme
Term
If there is a deficiency of B2 Riboflavin what disease
Definition
Cheilosis
Angular Stomatitis (cracking on the sides) Magenta tongue
Term
Milk exposed to light will have a deficiency in
Definition
B2 Riboflavin
Term
Vitamin B3 Niacin active form
Definition
NAD+
NADP+
Nicatinamide
Adenine dinucleotide
Term
What reaction will B3 niacin cause
Definition
Oxidation/reduction reaction=dehydrogenase enzyme
Term
If there is a niacin (B3) deficiency there will be
Definition
Pellagra
(4d: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death)
Term
What are the derivatives of Niacin
Definition
Tryptophan - Niacin- Nicatinamide
Term
B5 (citrus fruit) Active form is called
Definition
pantothenate
Term
B5 reaction is
Definition
structural component of coenzyme A
Term
Deficiency of B5 will cause
Definition
burning foot syndrome (parasthesias)
Term
What is a common factor of B5 deficiency
Definition
Heat labile
Term
B6 pyridoxine active form
Definition
pyridoxal 5 phosphate
Term
What are 2 reactions of B6 pyridoxine
Definition
1. Transanimation (keto acid-Amino acid)
2. amino acid metabolism
Term
B6 pyridoxine is made by
Definition
flora
Term
B7 Biotin active form
Definition
Biocytin
Term
B7 reactions
Definition
carboxylation (+CO2)
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Term
B7 deficiency disease
Definition
Avidin in egg whites depletes biotin
Term
What makes B7 biotin
Definition
intestinal bacteria
Term
B9 Folic Acid/Folate active form
Definition
tetrahydrofolate
Term
B9 Folic Acid reaction
Definition
one carbon transfers (methyl transfer)
DNA & RNA synthesis
Term
Deficiency diseases of Folic acid are
Definition
Megaloblastic Anemia
Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
Neural tube defects (Spina bifida/Cleft Palate)
Term
B12 Cobalamin active form
Definition
methylcobalamin
Term
B12 cobalamin reactions
Definition
homocysteine remethylation
Term
Deficiency of B12 Cobalamin are
Definition
Pernicous anemia from decreased intrinsic factor
If untreated
Posterolateral sclerosis AKA combined systems disease
** B12 deficiency from any other cause is megaloblastic anemia (vegetarians)
Term
Cobalamin B12 contains
Definition
cobalt
found in animal products (lacks in vegetarians)
Term
Vitamin C ascorbic acid reaction
Definition
hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen. Enhances iron absorption
Term
Vitamin C deficiency is seen with
Definition
Scurvy (bleeding gums)
Proline- Hydroxyproline
Fe3+ to Fe2+
Term
Vitamin C is sourced from and destroyed by
Definition
destroyed by heat
One of the highest sources is brussel sprouts
Term
Water Soluable Vitamins are
Definition
B1,2,3,5,6,7,9, 12
Vit C
Term
Fat Soluable vitamins
Definition
ADEK
Term
Vitamin A active form
Definition
retinoic acid
Term
Viatmin A used for
Definition
vision, growth
Term
Deficient Vitamin A
Definition
night blindness (Nyctolopia)
keratomalacia (degeneration of the cornea)
Xerophthalmia= dry eyes
Term
Vitamin A is a
Definition
vitamin for the immune system
Term
Vitamin D is aka
Definition
1,25 dihyroxycholecaliferol
Term
Vit D is used to
Definition
calcium and phosphate metabolism
Term
Vit D deficiency is seen with
Definition
Rickets in young
Osteomalacia in adults
Term
What makes Vit D
Definition
body
Term
Vit E is aka
Definition
alpha tocopherol
Term
Vit E is a
Definition
lipid antioxidant
Term
Excess Vit E is seen with
Definition
diarrhea
Term
Best source of Vit E
Definition
wheat germ oil
Term
Vit K is aka hydroquinone or menadione seen in
Definition
green leafy vegetables
Term
Vitamin K will produce
Definition
blood clotting and is a precursor to coenzyme Q
Term
Deficiency of Vit K
Definition
increased clotting time
Term
Vitamin K will convert
Definition
prothrombin to thrombin
Term
Vitamin K is made by
Definition
flora
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