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Biochem IG
Biochem IG
204
Anatomy
Professional
09/09/2012

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Term
What are the 4 energy sources?
Definition
carbs
proteins
fats
alcohol
Term
how many kcal/grams does carbs contain
Definition
4
Term
how many kcal/grams does protein contain
Definition
4
Term
how many kcal/grams does fats contain
Definition
9
Term
how many kcal/grams does alcohol contain
Definition
7
Term
what are the 2 states the body is in
Definition
well fed
starvation
Term
In the well fed state glucose has 3 fates
Definition
satisfy energy needs
store extra glucose as glycogen (muscle or liver)
store extra glucose as fat
Term
What is the major anabolic hormone that drives all 3 states in the well fed state?
Definition
insulin
Term
Starvation state has 3 fates
Definition
glycogen breakdown
breakdown of fat
gluconeogenesis
Term
Glycogen breakdown occurs in the
Definition
liver and muscle
Term
Liver glycogen breakdown is for
Definition
entire body
Term
Muscle glycogen breakdown is for
Definition
only in sympathetic state (flight/Fight)
Term
Oxidation of fat occurs in 2 ways
Definition
complete or incomplete
Term
Complete breakdown of fat involves three things ****
Definition
beta oxidation (breakdown of a fatty acid to acetyl coA)
Krebs
Electron transport chain
Term
A breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA is considered a
Definition
complete breakdown of fat
Term
Incomplete oxidation of fat leads to
Definition
ketone body synthesis (short lived)
Term
Ketone body synthesis is produced in periods of
Definition
starvation
Term
What are the 3 ketone bodies for kidney filtration
Definition
Acetoacetate
Betahydroxybutyrate
Acetone
Term
What is the worst ketone body?
Definition
acetone
Term
Acetoacetate and betahydroxybutyrate can be used in the body for
Definition
energy purposes
Term
Acetoacetate and betahydroxybutyrate is used for energy purposes in the
Definition
brain & heart
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme for ketone body synethesis?
Definition
HMG CoA synthase (cholesterol)
Term
Ketone bodies are formed via
Definition
acetyl coA
Term
Ketone bodies are acidic until
Definition
the liver can get to gluconeogenesis
Term
What keeps life alive in starvation states?
Definition
gluconeogenesis
Term
how many ATP doe we get from the complete breakdown of 1 glucose?
Definition
36 in the muscle
38 in the liver
Term
1 glucose molecule in aerobic glycolysis will yield
Definition
2 atp
2nadh
2 pyruvate

in the cytoplasm
Term
The 2 pyruvate yielded from the glucose molecule in the cytoplam is carried into the mitochondria by the
Definition
mitochondrial pyruvate carrier
Term
Once in the mitochondria the 2 pyruvates are transformed into
Definition
2 acetyl coA
Term
the 2 acetyl coA will be sent to
Definition
krebs
Term
2 pyruvates will be changed to acetyl coA by
Definition
pruvate dyhydrogenase enzyme
Term
The conversion of the pyruvate to acetyl coA will yield
Definition
2 NADH
Term
1 acetyl coA molecule through krebs will yield
Definition
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
Term
3 NADH = ___ ATP
Definition
9
Term
1 FADH2 = ___ ATP
Definition
2
Term
1 GTP = ___ ATP
Definition
1
Term
How many ATP's are produced in the krebs system
Definition
24 ( we have 2 acetyl coA going through krebs)
Term
The electron transport chain is preformed in the
Definition
inner mitochondria membrane
Term
What is the major function of the electron transport chain
Definition
to reoxidize NADH back to NAD and FADH2 back to FAD

THe bonus is that we generate energy
Term
1 NADH will yield __ ATP in the ETC
Definition
3
Term
1 FADH2 will yield ___ ATP in the ETC
Definition
2
Term
Where does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex occur?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex will generate
Definition
2 NADH to be sent to the ETC for reoxidation
Term
How many ATP are generated in aerobic glycolysis
Definition
2
Term
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields ___ ATP
Definition
6
Term
The krebs cycle will yield ___ ATP
Definition
24
Term
The NADH from aerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm has to get into the ___ to enter the etc to be reoxidized
Definition
mitochondria
Term
The glycerol phosphate shuttle is used in the ___
Definition
muscle
Term
the malate aspartate shuttle is used in the
Definition
liver
Term
In the glycerol phosphate shuttle 2 NADH in the cytoplasm enter into the mitochondria as
Definition
2 FADH2
Term
2 FADH2 will equal ___ ATP
Definition
4
Term
In the malate aspartate shuttle in the liver 2 nadh in the cytoplasm make
Definition
2 NADH2 in the mitochondria
Term
2 NADH2 will equal ___ ATP
Definition
6
Term
Glycolysis occurs in the
Definition
cytosol (cytoplasm) ONLY
Term
In the well fed state glycolysis is stimulated by
Definition
insulin
Term
Glycolysis in the well fed state is inhibited by
Definition
glucagon
Term
What are the regulatory enzymes of glycolysis
Definition
hexokinaase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase
Term
all 3 regulatory enzymes in glycolysis are
Definition
reversable
Term
Glycolysis occurs in 2 states
Definition
aerobic (well fed)
anerobic (starvation)
Term
aerobic glycolysis will yield
Definition
glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
Term
anaerobic glycolysis of glucose will produce
Definition
2 lactate (lactic acid)
Term
Hexokinase in the entire body will use
Definition
glucose + ATP
Term
Hexokinase in the liver will use
Definition
glucokinase + ATP
Term
Hexokinase will yield
Definition
glucose 6 phosphate + ADP (step 1)
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis
Definition
phosphofructokinase
Term
If there is no phosphofructokinasfe what will happen
Definition
there will not be glycolysis
Term
Phosphofructokinase will yield
Definition
Fructose 6 phosphate + ATP
Term
Fructose 6 phosphate + ATP will yield
Definition
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + ADP (step 3)
Term
Pphosphofructokinase steps are inhibited by
Definition
ATP and Citrate (utilized as a switch between glycolysis and glycogen synthesis)
Term
Pyruvate Kinase is going to utilize what step
Definition
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + ADP to produce pyruvate and ATP
Term
The pyruvate kinase step has
Definition
a net gain of an ATP
Term
Aerobic glycolysis has a net gain of
Definition
2 ATP (substrate level of phosphorylation)
2 NADH ( ATP is produced in the ETC-oxidative phosphorylation)
Term
Pyruvate + NADH produces
Definition
lactate and NAD (lactate dehydrogenase)
Term
The krebs cycle is also known as
Definition
citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Term
The location of the krebs cycle is
Definition
mitochondrial matrix
Term
What are the 3 regulatory enzymes of the krebs cycle
Definition
citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Term
how many steps are in the TCA cycle
Definition
8 (not including the production of cis-aconitate)
Term
Per turn of the TCA cycle 1 acetyl coA will produce
Definition
12 atp
Term
Per molecule of glucose oxidized to the krebs cycle there will be ___ atp made
Definition
24
Term
To initiate the Krebs cycle pyruvate dehydrogenase will make acetyl coA to join
Definition
oxaloacetate
Term
What is the most highly oxidized, occurs in the lowest concentration, and is the most sought after for the krebs?
Definition
oxaloacetate
Term
What is the mneumonic to remember the product steps of the krebs (TCA) cycle
Definition
Our Cousin Ciscilla Is Kissing Sixty Six French Men
Term
Oxaloacetate (Our) will form __ via enzyme ___
Definition
Citrate (cousin) via Citrate Synthase
Term
Citrate (cousin) will form __ via enzyme ___
Definition
Cis-aconitate (ciscilla) via Aconitase
Term
Cis-aconitate (ciscilla) will form __ via enzyme ___
Definition
Isocitrate (is) via aconitase
Term
Isocitrate (is) will form ___ via enzyme ____
Definition
alpha ketogluterate (kissing) via isocitrate dehydrogenase (nadh given off)
Term
Alpha ketogluterate (kissing) will form __ via enzyme ___
Definition
Succinyl- CoA (sixty) via alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex (thiamine will be present) Nadh formed, Co2 given off
Term
Succinyl-CoA (sixty) will form __ via enzyme ___
Definition
succinate (six) via succinate thiokinase (GTP formed)
Term
Succinate (six) will form __ via enzyme ___
Definition
Fumerate (french) via succinate dehydrogenase (forms FADH2) B2 is present
Term
Fumerate (french) will form ___ via enzyme ___
Definition
L-Malate (men) via fumerase
Term
Malate will form ___ via enzyme ___
Definition
Oxaloacetate via malate dehydrogenase in the prescence of B3 and produces a NADH
Term
Oxaloacetate will have __ carbons
Definition
4
Term
Citrate will have __ carbons
Definition
6
Term
Cis aconitate will have __ carbons
Definition
6
Term
Isocitrate will have __ carbons
Definition
6
Term
alpha Ketogluterate will have ___ carbons
Definition
5
Term
Succinyl CoA will have __ carbons
Definition
4
Term
Succinate will have ___ carbons
Definition
4
Term
Fumerate will have __ carbons
Definition
4
Term
Malate will have __ carbons
Definition
4
Term
There are 2 irreversible steps in the krebs cycle
Definition
oxaloacetate to citrate
alpha ketogluterate to succinyl CoA
Term
what is the key step of the krebs cycle
Definition
isocitrate
Term
IF malonyl CoA is in the queston they are asking about
Definition
fat
Term
Fatty acids synthesis (lipogenesis) is done in the
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
Acetyl CoA + CO2 + ATP is going to yield
Definition
malonyl- CoA +ADP
Term
The regulatory enzyme for fatty acid synthesis is
Definition
acetyl CoA carboxylase
Term
Fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by
Definition
insulin, inhibited by glucagon
Term
What are the Coenzymes used in fatty acid synthesis
Definition
NADPH from the HMP shunt
Term
Fatty acid synthesis is a
Definition
reductive process
Term
Acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondria t they cytosol as
Definition
citrate
Term
In the starvation state the cytosol will have an extra amount of
Definition
acetyl coA; ketone bodies; a saturated krebs cycle
Term
Fatty acid degradation (beta oxidation/lipolysis) is done in
Definition
mitochondria
Term
What is the regulatory enzyme of beta oxidation/lipolysis
Definition
hormone sensitive lipase
Term
Hormone sensitive lipase will
Definition
cleave off tracylglycerides that are stored in the adipose tissue
Term
What is the hormonal regulation of lipolysis
Definition
epinepherine which is inhibited by insulin
Term
Epinepherine is stimulated by the
Definition
sympathetic nervous system (exercise)
Term
What is the transporter of fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria
Definition
carnitine
Term
What is the precursor to carnitine?
Definition
lysine
Term
The step involving beta oxidation in the mitochondria is
Definition
fatty acids forming into acetyl coA to go to krebs
Term
The urea cycle contains __ of nitrogen containing compounds
Definition
90%
Term
Urea contains __ nitrogen atoms and __ carbon ataoms
Definition
2 nitrogen, 1 carbon
Term
Both nitrogen atoms in the urea cycle come from the amino acid (what is the major nitrogen donor of the urea cycle?)
Definition
glutamate
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme of the urea cycle?
Definition
carbamoyl phosphate synthase
Term
carbamoyl phosphate synthase is present in
Definition
mitochondria
Term
What is the reaction that carbamoyl phosphate synthase will catalyze
Definition
CO2 + NH3 + 2ATP --> carbamyol phosphate
Term
the important rate limiting enzymes of the urea cycle are use the acronym
Definition
ARCO
Term
AR stands for
Definition
arginine
Term
C stands for
Definition
citrulline
Term
O stands for oine
Definition
ornithine
Term
The HMP shunt is used in the fatty acid synthesis in the
Definition
cytosol
Term
What is the regulatory enzyme of the HMP shunt
Definition
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
Term
The HMP shunt has 2 functions
Definition
production of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and steroid hormone synthesis
Production of ribose 5 phosphate for nucleotide (DNA/RNA) synthesis
Term
What is the net gain or loss of ATP in the HMP shunt?***
Definition
none**
Term
Gluconeogenesis is primarily located in
Definition
the cytosol
Term
The intial step of gluconeogensis starts with
Definition
malate (in the mitochondria)
Term
What crosses the mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol
Definition
malate
Term
Once malate crosses the membrane into the cytosol it is converted to
Definition
oxaloacetate
Term
Oxaloacetate is then converted to
Definition
PEP by the enzyme PEP carboxykinase using a GTP
Term
The PEP carboxykinase step uses energy to bypass
Definition
the pyruvate kinase step
Term
What 2 hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?
Definition
glucagon and cortisol inhibited by insulin
Term
Glucagon is
Definition
short term
Term
Cortisol is
Definition
long term (most potent)
Term
What are the three precursors to gluconeogenesis
Definition
glycerol, lactate, and amino acids
Term
What is primarily generated during the breakdown of triglycerides in the adipose tissues
Definition
glycerol
Term
Glycerol travels to the ___ where it may do either of 2 things
Definition
liver; glucose or enters the glycolytic pathway
Term
What is derived by muscle during anaeroboic conditions in gluconeogenesis
Definition
lactate
Term
Lactate travels to the ___ where it is converted to
Definition
liver; pyruvate and ultimately to glucose
Term
The conversion of lactate to pyruvate to glucose in the liver is known as
Definition
the cori cycle
Term
The cori cycle couples two things
Definition
anaerobic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
Term
Amino acids can be converted into
Definition
pyruvate
Term
What can be converted into glucose
Definition
any TCA cycle intermediate
Term
What undergoes transanimation reactions to be converted to their gluconeogenic precursors
Definition
alanine, aspartate, and glutamate
Term
Aspartate is associated with
Definition
oxaloacetate
Term
Alanine is associated with
Definition
pyruvate
Term
Glutamate is associated with
Definition
alpha ketogluterate
Term
all transanimation reactions require
Definition
pyridoxal phosphate that is derived from pyridoxine (B6)
Term
What gluconeogenic enzyme converts pyruvate + CO2+ ATP into oxaloacetate +ADP
Definition
pyruvate carboxylase
Term
Pyruvate carboxylase is a __ reaction utilizing the coenzyme___
Definition
carboxylation reaction; biotin
Term
the pyruvate carboxylase reaction occurs in the
Definition
mitochondrion
Term
PEP carcoxykinase converts
Definition
oxaloacetate + GTP to PEP + GDP + CO2
Term
what is needed to bypass pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
Definition
pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase
Term
Which is a GTP driven step in gluconeogenesis?
Definition
PEP carboxykinase
Term
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase is a gluconeogenic enzyme that converts
Definition
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate + Pi
Term
Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase bypasses which step in glycolysis
Definition
PFK
Term
Glucose 6 phosphatase is a gluconeogenic enzyme that converts
Definition
glucose 6 phosphate to glucose + Pi
Term
Glucose 6 phosphatase is only present in the
Definition
liver
Term
What allows the liver to generate free glucose from glycogen breakdown in gluconeogenesis?
Definition
glucose 6 phosphatase
Term
What does glucose 6 phosphatase bypass?
Definition
glucokinase in glycolysis in the liver
Term
If there is too much citrate or ATP there is a swtich to
Definition
glucagon synthesis turning off PFK
Term
What enzyme will convert glucose 6 phosphate to glucose 1 phosphate
Definition
phosphoglucomutase
Term
Glucose 1 mutase will use ___ to make glycogen
Definition
UDP glucose
Term
In the well fed state glucose
Definition
will be free in the blood tissues
Term
The first messenger for glycogen breakdown is
Definition
epinephrine glucagon
Term
The 2nd messenger for glycogen breakdown is
Definition
CAMP****
Term
THe major messenger for glycogen breakdown is
Definition
CAMP
Term
CAMP will cause the release of
Definition
glycogen phosphorlase b
Term
Glycogen phosphorlase b causes the release of
Definition
glycogen phosphorlase A (active)
Term
Glycogen phosphorlase A will breakdown glycogen to make
Definition
glucose 1 phosphate
Term
Glucose 1 phosphate will be broken down to
Definition
Glucose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucomutase/glucokinase
Term
The electron transport chain is aka
Definition
oxidative phosphoralation
Term
Where is the location of the ETC
Definition
inner mitochondrial matrix
Term
In the ETC NADH will make ____ ATP; and how many protons will be pumped out
Definition
3; 6 protons will be pumped out
Term
In the ETC FADH2 will make ___ ATP; and how many protons will be pumped out
Definition
2 ATP; 4 protons pumped out
Term
What is the key element of the ETC?
Definition
Oxygen (ultimate receptor of electrons)
Term
What is the initiator of the ETC
Definition
Coenzyme Q (similar to Vitamin K)
Term
The ETC is ___ to ATP synthesis
Definition
coupled
Term
The hypothesis that couples the synthesis of ETC and the synthesis of ATP is called
Definition
chemiosmotic hypothesis (mitchell hypothesis)
Term
What delivers Oxygen to the ETC
Definition
COQ10
Term
COQ10 will initiate complexes ___ in the ETC
Definition
I, II, and III
Term
COQ10 is naturally produced in the
Definition
liver
Term
What transfers electrons from complex 3 and 4
Definition
cytochrome C
Term
When FADH2 comes it it automatically goes to
Definition
complex 2 (thats why you only get 2 ATP)
Term
Complex 1 will make
Definition
2 H =1 ATP on the cytosol side
Term
Complex 2 & 3 will make
Definition
2H= 1 atp on the cytosol side
Term
Complex 4 in the presence of cytochrome C will make
Definition
2H=1ATP on the cytosol side
Term
The hydrogens (2) produced in complex 4 in the cytosol from the ETC will go through
Definition
ATP synthase to produce 4 more ATP in the mitochondrion
Term
What are 3 examples of catabolic pathways
Definition
glycolysis, lipolysis, glycogenolysis
Term
What are 4 examples of anabolic pathways
Definition
gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, glycogenesis, and nuclei acid synthesis
Term
Phosphatase will
Definition
remove a phosphate
Term
Phosphorylase will
Definition
add phosphate
Term
Kinase will
Definition
move phosphate around
Term
Dehydrogenase is used in
Definition
oxidation/reduction reactions
Term
Carboxylase
Definition
adds a carbon
Term
decarboxylase
Definition
removes a carbon
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