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BIO test 5
A & P II- Reg. of Body Fluids: Urinary
216
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/28/2008

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Term
Where are body fluids located? 3 main areas
Definition
Interstitial fluid (80%)
Plasma (20%)
Lymph
Term
Where is the interstitial fluid?
Definition
Between Cells
Term
Where is the plasma fluid?
Definition
Fluid portion o fblood- in blood vessels
Term
What does the lymph portion of fluid do?
Definition
For purification of Blood
Term
What % is intracellular fluid and where is it?
Definition
66% within the cells
Term
What % is extracellular fluid and where is it?
Definition
33% outside the cells
Term
What are the composition of fluids (3)?
Definition
Solutes, Electrolytes, Non-electrolytes
Term
What are solutes?
Definition
Substances dissolved in a solvent (water)
Term
What are electrolytes?
Definition
Chemical substances that dissociate (ionize) in water
Term
What are examples of electrolytes?
Definition
Inorganic salts, acids and bases, and many proteins
Term
What is the contribution of electrolytes?
Definition
Greatly effect osmolarity of solutions, fluid shifts
Term
What units are electrolytes expressed in?
Definition
mEq/L milliequivalents per liter
Term
What type of bond do non-electrolytes have and what property is related to the bond?
Definition
Covalent bonds that prevent them from dissociating
Term
What are examples of non-electrolytes?
Definition
Organic molecules, glucose, lipids, urea, creatinine
Term
What contribution do non-elecrolytes make?
Definition
less osmotic power than electrolytes
Term
What ions are high in extracellular fluids?
Definition
Na and Cl
Term
What ion(s) are high in intracellular fluids
Definition
K
Term
What regulates the movement of fluids between compartments?
Definition
Hydrostatic pressure and Osmotic pressure
Term
Describe hydrostatic pressure
Definition
Force exeerted by a fluid as it is pressed against the wall of a vessel. It will send fluid through capillaries.
Term
Describe Osmotic pressure
Definition
Movement of water across semipermeable membrand along its concentration gradient. Blood filled with electrolytes--water follows it ...salt goes inside after a meal, increase blood pressure
Term
What type of pressure is indicative of force exeerted by a fluid as it is pressed against the wall of a vessel?
Definition
Hydrostatic
Term
What pressure is indicative of movement of water across a semipermeable membrane along its concentration gradient?
Definition
Osmotic pressure
Term
What is located at the Arterial end of capillary exchange?
Definition
Water and salt
Term
What is located at the venous end of capillary exchange?
Definition
Filtrate can either go from tissue to CAPILLARY due to osmotic pressure- blood-osmotic pressure and Lymph-purification
Term
What are the 2 forms of water intake in the body?
Definition
Ingested and metabolic
Term
Of the ingested water, what % is in liquid form and what % is in food?
Definition
Liquid 60% Food 30%
Term
What is ml intake level of water?
Definition
2300 ml
Term
How is metabolic water derived in body?
Definition
Through dehydration synthesis in anabolic reactions
Term
What are the 4 ways water is output?
Definition
kidneys, skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract
Term
What % of water is output through kidneys and skin?
Definition
Kidneys 60% urine 1500 ml/day and Skin 28%-500 ml 400 ml per day evaporation and 100 ml/day sweat
Term
What are the 2 mechanisms for fluid regulation?
Definition
Pressoreceptors and Osmoreceptors
Term
What do pressoreceptors do?
Definition
Baroreceptors- detect high or low blood volumes
Term
What do Osmoreceptors do?
Definition
Detect change in osmolarity
Term
With regard to osmoreceptors, an increase in solute per volume is indicative of what in terms of osmolarity?
Definition
Increase
Term
In terms of osmolarity, a decrease in solvent per volume is indicative of what in terms of osmolarity?
Definition
Increase in osmolarity
Term
What is Edema and what is it caused by?
Definition
Excess water in interstitial spaces which imparis circulation- diabetics, pregnant women, ..hands and feet swell
Term
What is hypotonic hydration?
Definition
Dilutional hypoatremia-water intoxication
Term
What causes hypotonic hydration?
Definition
Renal failure or extraordinary water intake
Term
Waht is the effect of hypotonic hydration?
Definition
ECS is diluted (water concentration is high) water to cells- edema-fluid build up in cells will burst
Term
What is the treatement for hypotonic hydration?
Definition
Intravenous hypertonic saline
Term
What 4 ions are linked to electrolyte balance in the body?
Definition
Na, K, Ca, Mg++
Term
What is the importance of Na electrolyte balance?
Definition
Linked to water, K, H, Cl, HcO3, blood pressure
Term
With Aldosterone increase in Na+ in blood, what happens
Definition
100% Na+ reabsorption by kidney, cl- and water follow Na+ reabsorption...high salt diet increases water, increases blood volume increases blood pressure
Term
What effect does estrogen have on Na balance?
Definition
Similar to aldesterone, reabsorption of Na and water following- explains premenstrual edema
Term
What effect does progesterone have on Na balance in the body?
Definition
Blocks the effect of aldosterone, acts as a diuretic, levels decrease near period
Term
What effect do Glucocorticoids (cortisol) have on Na balance?
Definition
Enhance water reabsorption-get swollen
Term
What is the effect of K balance in the body?
Definition
Greatest effect on cell excitability and resting potential
Term
What effect does Aldesterone have on the K balance in the body?
Definition
With reabsorption of Na, results in K secretion
Term
What effect does Acidosis have on K balance?
Definition
Increases in blood acidity, ph is down
Term
What is the importance of Ca balance in the body?
Definition
Bones, blood clotting, muscular contraction
Term
What is Hypocalcemia?
Definition
Increased excitability, tetany , muscle cramping- not enough Ca- bone fractures
Term
What is Hypercalcemia?
Definition
Decreased excitability, cardiac arrythmias- too much Ca
Term
What is the term for too littl Ca?
Definition
Hypocalcemia
Term
What is the term for too much Ca?
Definition
Hypercalcemia
Term
What is released when blood Ca is too low?
Definition
PTH Parathyroid Hormone
Term
What does the PTH do?
Definition
Breaks down bones and releases calcium in blood
Term
What happens in Osteoclast activation?
Definition
More absorption of Ca in blood and increase in reabsorption in kidneys
Term
What is the importance of calcium balance?
Definition
bones, blood clotting, muscular contraction
Term
When the intestinal absorption of Ca increases, what happens?
Definition
stimulates kidney to change vitamin D to the cofactor necessary for Ca absorption- INDIRECT
Term
Do renal tubes have increased or decreased absorption during Osteoclast activation with regard to calcium?
Definition
increased
Term
What is Calcitonin
Definition
Regulator is released if Ca is too high triggering OsteoBLAST activation
Term
What specifically does OsteoBlast activation contribute to?
Definition
Bone is made
Term
What does hypotensive mean with regard to Mg balance?
Definition
Etracellular MG increase results in muscle weakness
Term
What does hypertensive mean with regard to Mg?
Definition
Extracellular Mg decrease results in athersclerosis, stroke and increased lipid levels
Term
What conditions are prevalent when Mg is hypertensive?
Definition
Diabetes and pregnancy
Term
What conditions are prevalent when Mg is hypertensive?
Definition
Diabetes and pregnancy
Term
What is a word for Mg extracellular increase?
Definition
Hypotensive
Term
What is a word for extracellular Mg decrease?
Definition
Hypertensive
Term
What is a buffer?
Definition
When H concentration changes, buffers come in to help balance high or low concentrations
Term
Name 3 buffer systems
Definition
Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Protein
Term
Where is the phosphate buffer system?
Definition
In ICF and urine
Term
What specific components are part of the Phosphate buffer system?
Definition
PO4
Term
Which buffer involves exhaling CO2 to get rid of acid?
Definition
Bicarbonate
Term
What is amphoteric and which buffer system is associated specifically with this property?
Definition
Acts as both an acid and base buffer- Protein buffer system
Term
Which buffer system is associated with HCl and NH2 to convert to NH3?
Definition
Protein buffer system
Term
When the end result is R-NH3, what was added and why?
Definition
Added a strong acid to increase ph because we were too acidic
Term
When a strong base NaOH is added, what is result?
Definition
R-Coo + H+ were too basic
Term
What is the ph of normal blood?
Definition
7.35 to 7.45
Term
What is blood ph in acidosis?
Definition
less than 7.35 resulting in disorientation, coma, and death
Term
What is the blood ph in Alkalosis?
Definition
Greter than 7.45 resulting in nerve twitches, muscle spasm, convulsions, death
Term
In Acidosis, what is respiratory response?
Definition
Increases, hyperventilate
Term
In acidosis, what is urinary response?
Definition
Reabsorbs Na+ and secretes H+
Term
In Alkalosis, what is respiratory response?
Definition
Breathing rate goes down and hypoventilate
Term
In Alkalosis, what is urinary response?
Definition
Reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+
Term
Which state, acidosis or alkalosis, is indicative of hyperventilation and secretions of H+ by urinary system?
Definition
Acidosis
Term
Which system is indicative of hypoventilating and secretion of K+ by urinary system? Acidosis or alkalosis
Definition
Alkalosis
Term
Where is the basis of respiratory regulation of H+ concentrations?
Definition
Medulla regulates by detecting H+ concentrations in CSF
Term
What is respiratory acidosis?
Definition
Increase in acidity due to increased pCo2 in blood
Term
In respiratory acidosis, what is the detection and response?
Definition
Detection: if pCO2 is greater than 45mmHG, increse in breathing rate to decrease acidity
Response: acidity is increased due to increase inCO2 in blooe ..ex: emphazema
Term
What is respiratory alkalosis?
Definition
decrease in acidity due to decreased CO2 in blood
Term
In respiratory alkalosis, what is the response
Definition
Breathing rate slow to get more CO2 into blood to increase H in blood..oxygen deficiency and anxiety
Term
In respiratory alkalosis, what is the detection?
Definition
pCO2 is less than 35mmHg
Term
What is Normal pCO2 range?
Definition
35 to 45mmHg
Term
What is the basis fo renal regulation of H+ concentration?
Definition
kidney regulates by detecting HCO3- concentrations in filtrate
Term
What is normal HCO3- range?
Definition
22 to 28mEq/L
Term
What is it called when there is an increase in acidity due to decreased HCO3-
Definition
Metabolic Acidosis
Term
What is it called when there is a decrease in acidity due to increased HCO3-?
Definition
Metabolic Alkalosis
Term
How is metabolic acidosis detected?
Definition
If HCO3- is less than 22mEq.L, blood pH less than 7.35
Term
How i Metabolic Alkalosis detected?
Definition
If HCO3- is greater than 28mEq/L and blood pH is greater than 7.45
Term
In respiratory alkalosis, what is the detection?
Definition
pCO2 is less than 35mmHg
Term
What is the solution for Metabolic AcidosisRenal pelvis
Definition
Increase H+ to Na+ exchange by secreting H and reabsorbing Na
Term
What is the solution for Meabolic Alkalosis?
Definition
Increase K+ to Na+ exchange, excrete HCO3- and reabsorm Na and secrete k
Term
What are the 4 organs of the urinary system?
Definition
kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra
Term
What organ stores urine?
Definition
Bladder
Term
What organ filters blood plasma, water and solutes go to blood stream and rest is excreted?
Definition
Kidneys
Term
What organ transports urine?
Definition
Ureter
Term
What organ gets rid of urine?
Definition
Urethra
Term
What are the 3 urinary system controls?
Definition
Filtration, reabsorption and secretion
Term
Describe reabsorption in urinary system controls
Definition
Water and solutes go into blood from kidney
Term
Describe filtration and filtrate urinary system control.
Definition
Filtration- plasma enters kidney
Filtrate-what leaves the plasma
Term
When does secretion take place in urinary system controls?
Definition
When materials are added from plasma to formed filtrate
Term
Define retroperitoneal
Definition
behind peritoneum kidneys and ureters
Term
What are the approximate dimensions of the kidney?
Definition
4-5" long, 2-3" wide, and 1" thick
Term
Describe the location of the kidneys
Definition
T12 to L3 right slightly lower than left due to liver
Term
Why is the right kidney lower than the left?
Definition
Due to liver
Term
What is the Hilus part of the Kidney?
Definition
Notch in center where ureter and blood vessels leave the kidney
Term
What are the 3 layers around the kidney?
Definition
Renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia
Term
On the internal part of the kidney, what is the cavity for urine called?
Definition
Renal Sinus
Term
In the internal part of the kidney, what part collects filtrate from major calyces?
Definition
Term
Where are the Renal columns in the internal kidney?
Definition
Between pyramids
Term
What part of the internal kidney is responsible for draining minor calyces?
Definition
Major calyces
Term
What part of the internal kidney is responsibleto drain collecting tubules?
Definition
Minor calyces
Term
What shape are the renal medullary pyramids?
Definition
Triangular
Term
Wher is the Medulla in the internal cortex of kidney?
Definition
darker part on inside
Term
The collecting tubules and renal papillae are located in what part of the internal kidney?
Definition
Renal medullary pyramids
Term
What part of the renal medullary pyramids is at the base of the pyramids, point towards the pelvis and run into the minor calix
Definition
Renal papilae
Term
What does the renal pelvis do?
Definition
Collects filtrate from major calyces
Term
What do the minor calyces do?
Definition
Drain collecting tubules
Term
Where does urine travel in teh renal medullary pyramids
Definition
collecting tubules
Term
What are the dimensions of the ureters?
Definition
10 to 12", connecting from kindney hlus to trigone of bladder
Term
What are the 3 layers of the ureters?
Definition
Mucosa, muscularis, and fibrous coat anchorage
Term
What does the mucosa layer do in the ureter?
Definition
Keeps urine off tranisitonal epithelium
Term
What layers of teh ureters are teh 2 layers on top, 3 layers near blader for peristalsis?
Definition
muscularis
Term
What layer of ureters is adventitia, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves?
Definition
Fibrous coat-anchorge
Term
What is the size of the urinary bladder?
Definition
flexible 700 to 800 ml
Term
Where is the male urinary bladder?
Definition
posterior to symphysis pubis
Term
Where is the female urinary bladder?
Definition
anterior to vagina and inferior to uterus
Term
What is the structure of the urinary bladder?
Definition
Trigone-triangular area that points anteriorally
Term
What is the structure of the urinary bladder?
Definition
Trigone-triangular area that points anteriorally
Term
Where are the ureter openings?
Definition
At 2 upper corners
Term
Where is the urethra opening?
Definition
lower apex
Term
What are the 4 layers of the urinary bladder?
Definition
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serous coat
Term
What part of the urninary bladder is from internal and external sphnicters?
Definition
Muscularis (Detrusor muscle)
Term
What does the Mucosa do in the urinary bladder?
Definition
Keeps urine off the transitional epithelium
Term
Describe the serous coat of the urinary bladder.
Definition
Peritoneum-anchorage-continuous with adventitia from ureter
Term
What type of tissue is the Submucosa in the urinary bladder?
Definition
Connective Tissue
Term
What size is the urethra in males and females?
Definition
Males 8" and Females 1.5"
Term
What are the 3 regions of the urethra in males?
Definition
EPITHELIUM-prostatic transitional to MEMBRANOUS-pseudostratified to
SPONGY-pseudostratified to opening stratified squamous
Term
What are the 3 coats of the urethra in females?
Definition
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis
Term
In the female urethra, what type of epithelium is found?
Definition
Transitional epithelium becomes stratified squamous
Term
What is the path of the urine through the kidneys to urethra?
Definition
Glomerulus-Bowmann's capsule-Proximal convoluted tubule-Descenting loop of Henle-Ascending loop of Henle-Distal convoluted tubule- Collecting tubule (Renal pyramids)-Minor Calyx- Major Calyx-Renal pelvis- Ureter-Bladder-Urethra
Term
What is the path of the blood supply of the kidney?
Definition
Renal artery-segmental (lobar) arteries enter hilus-interlobar arteries -afferent arteriole-capillaries (glomerulus)-efferent arteriole- peritubular capillaries (convoluted tubules) and or vasa recta (loop of Henle) interlobular vein (leave cortex)-arcuate vein- interlobar vein- renal vein
Term
Where is the glomerlus capillary?
Definition
Between 2 arteriols- Afferent and Efferent
Term
What is the function of the nephron and how many do we have?
Definition
Over 1 million-function is to filter blood, remove toxins, form urine
Term
What is the definition of the nephron?
Definition
Microscopic functional unti of kidney
Term
What are the 2 types of nephron?
Definition
Cortical and Juxtamedullary
Term
Which part of the nephron is shorter loop o fhenle in the outer region?
Definition
Crotical
Term
What part of the nephron has corpuscles that are near the cortes and lop of helnle that goes down into medulla/pyramids?
Definition
Juxtamedullary
Term
What do the long loops of Henle allow?
Definition
enable urine to be diluted or concentrated
Term
The nephron consists of the glomerulus. What is th definition of the glomerulus?
Definition
Finestrated capillarie 1,000 times as porous than other types of capillaries
Term
What are the two types of arterioles in the glomerulus?
Definition
Afferent and Efferent
Term
Which arteriole has angio tension and can constrict?
Definition
Efferent
Term
Which arteriole has a vaso constricting substance?
Definition
Afferent arteriole of Glomerulus
Term
Which aretriole comes out of glomerulus and drains glomerulus-branches into peritubular capillaries for absorption- low pressure?
Definition
Efferent arteriole
Term
Which arteriold goes into glomerulus, feeds glomerulus. Has high resistance and high blood pressure and forces solutes and fluid out of blood into capsule?
Definition
Afferent arteriole
Term
Which arteriole comes out of glomerulus?
Definition
Efferent arteriole
Term
Which arteriole goes into glomerulus?
Definition
Afferent arteriole
Term
What is a double walled cup that lies in the cortex of kidney- (visceral and parietal walls)
Definition
Bowmann's Glomerular capsule
Term
What is the function of the bowmann's Glomerular capsule?
Definition
Form filtrate
Term
What is the renal corpuscle made of?
Definition
Composed of glomerulus and Bowmann's capsule
Term
Waht is the PCT?
Definition
Proximal Convoluted tubule
Term
Waht is the function and structure of the PCT-Proximal convoluted Tubule?
Definition
Function- reabsorption of most of the water-begins to absorb the Na and s100% sugar- cuboidal epithelium with a brush border of micro villi
Term
Waht is the loop for countercurrent eschange that is simple squamous?
Definition
Loop of Henle- ascending and descending
Term
What is absorbed in loop of Henle?
Definition
Restof Na, water, and chloride
Term
What is the DCT?
Definition
Distal convoluted tubule
Term
In the DCT-distal convoluted tubule, what does it do?
Definition
Fine tune water, elecrolyte cuboidal absorption
Term
What hormones and receptors are in the DCT-distal convoluted tubule?
Definition
Alsosterone and ADH sensitive receptors
Term
Waht two types of cells are in the DCT?
Definition
principle and intercallated
Term
If in acidosis, what does the DCT secrete?
Definition
H+ and Na+
Term
In the collecting tubule, what hormone is active?
Definition
Aldosterone and ADH sensitive- ADH active in this tubule an some aldosterone
Term
What is the JGA Juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Definition
DCT contacts the afferent arteriole which serves a renal corpuscle
Term
What organ is the Macula densa part of?
Definition
Juxtaglomerular apparatus JGA
Term
What does the Macula densa in the JGA do?
Definition
Macula densa-modified cells of DCT sense osmolarity of filtrate
Term
Are the Juxtaglomerular cells part of the afferent or efferent arteriole?
Definition
Afferent
Term
What do teh Juxtaglomerular cells do?
Definition
Smooth muscle cells-sense changes in blood volume
Term
Where are renin granules?
Definition
In JG cells
Term
Is vasoconstricting substance absorbed or released in teh JG cells?
Definition
RELEASED
Term
What does the Glomerular ENDOTHELIUM do and what is the structure?
Definition
Fenestrated poores are 50 to 100 nm- restricts passage of blood cells
Term
Waht does the basement membrand of glomerulus- parietal layer of capsule do?
Definition
Restricts passage of proteins
Term
Whicpart of endothelial capsular membrand restricts passage of blood cells
Definition
Glomerular endothelium
Term
Which part of endothelial capsular membrand restricts passage of proteins?
Definition
Basement membrand of glomerulus
Term
Where is the capsular space in basement membrane of glomerulus?
Definition
Between parietal and visceral capsule layers
Term
What are podocytes?
Definition
specialized cells which contain numerous pedicels
Term
Where are filtration slits of podocytes?
Definition
Pores between podocytes
Term
What do th podocytes restrict
Definition
Passage of medium sized proteins
Term
What are the 3 structural features of Renal Corpuscles which increse the filtration rate?
Definition
-Blood pressure of capillaries-
-Lenght of glomerular capillaries
-Endothelial capsular membrand
Term
How do the blood pressure capillaries increase the glomerular filtration rate?
Definition
Afferent arteriold diameter larger than efferent arteriole, results in higher blood pressure than other capillary beds
Term
What structureal featur of the renal corpuscles that increases filtration rate has a vast surface area?
Definition
Length of glomerular capillaries
Term
Describe the endothelial capsular membrane of renal corpuscles.
Definition
very thin- 1000 x as porous- finestrated- 50 times leakier
Term
What is the NFP- net filtration pressure determined by?
Definition
GBHP- (CHP+BCOP)
Term
What is GBHP-Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure?
Definition
Hydrostatic 60 mmHg, form blood towards capsule -promotes filtration
Term
What is CHP Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure?
Definition
15mmHG goes back toward blood and opposes filtration
Term
What is BCOP- Blood Colloid Osmotic Presure?
Definition
30mmHg goes back toward blood and opposes filtration
Term
Which promotes filtration: GBHP, CHP, BCOP
Definition
GBHP
Term
Which opposes filtration-GBHP, CHP, BCOP
Definition
CHP and BCOP Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure and Blood Coloid Osmotic Pressure
Term
What is the Net Filtration Pressure?
Definition
18mmHg from blood to capsule that is 2x that of other capillary regions
Term
How much pressure is needed for Net filtrtion pressure to happen?
Definition
10 mmHg
Term
What is the Filtration Fraction:
Definition
16 to 20% of plasma centrs the nephrons
Term
Is the Glomerular Filtration Rate directly proportional to the NFP Net Filtration Pressure?
Definition
Yes
Term
When the blood pressure increases, does the Glomerular Filtration Rate increase of decrease?
Definition
increases
Term
Whan degydration decreases blood pressure, what happens to the Glomerular Filtration Rate/
Definition
decreases
Term
How much urine is excreted per day?
Definition
1-2 liters
Term
How much volume is filtered per minute?
Definition
125 ml
Term
how much volume is filtered per day?
Definition
180 liters or 48 gallons 60x the blood volume
Term
What is Anuria?
Definition
Daily urine output of less than 50 mL/day
Term
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Definition
Nehpropathy ound in HIV, diabetes, hypertension, fibrosis of lomerulus, extracellular build upof fibers increasing diffusion distance (distupting efficiency of exchange- TGF-bets-transforming growth factor-increased levels in damaged tissues
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