Term
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Definition
Clade of Chondrichthyans
Ground Sharks |
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Definition
Clade of Chondrichthyans
Horn or Bull Sharks |
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Definition
Clade of Chondrichthyans
frill sharks and cow sharks |
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Definition
CLade of chondrichthyans
Mackeral shark group |
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Term
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Definition
Clade of chonrichthyans
Carpet and zebra sharks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rays, including stingrays, skates, guitarfish and others |
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Term
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Definition
Clade of chondrichthyans
dogfish sharks, sleeper sharks, cookie-cutter sharks and others |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ratfishes (=chimera), They are moderate sized, odd looking, largeley scaleless with enlarged heads and beak-like teeth. THey resemble rabbits, the snout are soetimes elongated. THey have two dorsal fins, and the most anterir is erectile, five gill slits but gill covers over four of them, leaving one exposed, no spirace opening, modified teeth, stomach and ribs absent, claoca missing, clasping organ on head, pre-pelvic claspers, pectoral fin with two basal elements, placoid scales sparse |
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Term
| Gnathostomes: traits which define the clade |
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Definition
| Jaws, teeth, serially aranged veterbrae, pectoral and pelvic girdles (And their associated pair fins), heterocercal tail, spiral intestine, spleen, stomach, pancreas and enlargement and the modification of the brain |
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Term
| What is the synapomorphy that evolved to become what is known as our jaws/ teeth |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the ways one could establish that jaws in vertebrates were derived from the pharyngeal arch system. What is the ecological significance of jaws and teeth? |
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Definition
| Human jaws evolved from early fish jaws. Almost all jawless fish became extinct because of how much survival rates increased with jaws. They developed for metabolic efficiency. The teeth aid in digestion by breaking up small chunks and increasing their surface area. With teeth a fish can eat bigger prey, making for more energy consumed in one feeding. |
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Term
| Evolving continuous teeth is good because? |
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Definition
| The teeth get worn down over time. By replacing them there will always be enough sharp teeth available to ensure the shark can get enough energy |
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Term
| An adaptation in the back of gnathostomes |
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Definition
| Insteadof having only a notochord, which allows for great flexibilty, gnathostomes have vertebrae which enclose the neural chord. This maintains support and strength and protects the notochord making the organism less able to be killed. |
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Term
| Another endoskeletal innovation that provides support and attatchment sites for paired fins beside the vertabral column |
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Definition
| Anterior and posterior pelvic girdles. Paired fins allow greater control, stabilization and steerng during swimming. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Chondrythes |
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Definition
| Live in marine environments, predatory carnivores (some are filter feeders), have a cartilaginous endoskeleton, claspers on pelvic fins of males- used for copulation and sperm tranfer- a body covered in placoid scales, a rectal gland, pelvic clasper catilages which are inserted into a females cloaca by barbs and sperm which are transferred along their grooves |
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Term
| Internal fertilization advantages |
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Definition
| Protecting young from drying out on land. Protecting young from predation because it is isolated within the female, the embryo can recieve nourishment from the mother throughout growth. THere is not a high chance of mortality per gamete. |
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Term
| Advantages of external fertilization |
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Definition
Very quickly many young may begin development. Decreases the metabolic strains on the mother. THis increases the mothers chances of survival.
Since so many offsprig are created there is a higher degree of genetic diversity. If the mother is eaten or dies there is no new organism to immediately replace her |
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Term
| Elasmobranchii and holocephali |
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Definition
| a body covered in placoid (teeth) scales, Monophyletic group, for the most part, except for holocephali. Elasmobranchii have synapomorphie whih include the possession of two dorsal fin spines, one associated with each of the two median dorsal fins |
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Term
What appendage are a synapomorphy for the dogfish (squaliformes) in chondrichthyes
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Definition
| SQUALIFORMES: The clapers which are present in a male are present in the medial portion of each pelvic fin and seperated as a long slender structure. THe clasper can be used to tranfer sperm into the cloaca of the female |
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Term
| Dogfish (Squaiforme) appendages |
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Definition
2 fins anterior are pectorl fins
2 fins psterior are pelvic fins
they also have the prostrusions which are the claspers not present in the ancestral form. |
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Term
| Unpaired fins on the dogfish |
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Definition
Two median fins (dorsal fins) with spines
the caudal fin
described as heterocercal because the vertebral column turns upward into the upper lobe of the fin. |
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Term
| External Gill openings of the dogfish (squaliforme) |
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Definition
| The external gill openinges are anterior to each side of the head behind the eyyes. The spiracles are the first gill slit. The jaws represent the modified first gill archesSpiracles are the space for the intake of water, especially h=when the jaws are grasping food. |
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Term
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Definition
| numerous calcified teeth line the upper jaw and lower jaw, they are replaced at regular intervals in the life course. |
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Term
| Teeth and Scales synapomorphy |
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Definition
| Teeth ad the placoid scales share are synapomorhpin for chondrichthyes |
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Term
| Mouth/ head of the dogfish |
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Definition
| Non- muscular cartiliginous tongue, paired nostril opeings are loacated on the rostrum, |
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Term
| Why so many gil filiments in the dogfish |
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Definition
| There is increased surface area for oxygen uptake |
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Term
| Gill rakers? what is their function |
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Definition
| THey combine out larger particles from being inhaled |
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Term
| Stomach identification of the dogfish |
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Definition
| Rugae- longitudinal folds are visible in the internal lingiing- distinguishing this structure from the esophagus. The esophagus' lining has fiinger-like projections. The rugae are used to aid in digestion by giving it the ability to expand when food is taken in. The various galnds of the stomach release pepsin, HCL, and other secretions to aid in digestion. As well, via muscle contractions, food is broken down. |
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Term
| identifying the pyloric region of the stomach |
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Definition
| The pyloric region is posterior to the cardiac region of the stomach. It is in the middle of the specimen. |
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Term
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Definition
| the duodenum leads the ileum. which forms the volvularportion of the small intestine. In side the spiral valves are located which twist and coil and therefore offer more surafcae area for absorbtio across the small intesting membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a small sausage like aea that is a path for the hypertonic solution of sodium chloride as extra-renal path for salt excretion. It is the terminal point o the digestive tract. It empties into the cloaca. |
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Term
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Definition
| Duo-lobed. Produces biles. stores food and proteins for yolk synthesis |
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Term
| What adaptations do Rajiformes have |
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Definition
| They blend into the bottom of the sea. They have flat bottoms and boring colouring. |
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Term
| Rajifome structures visible on the dorsal side |
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Definition
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Term
| Rajiforme structures visible on the ventral side |
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Definition
| pelvic fins, gill slits, mouth,naris, pectoral fins and pelvic fins |
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Term
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Definition
| descendants of dinosaurs ( coelurosaurs) ancestral charcteristics present today include a long tail, many small teeth, claws on their forelimbs, feathrs, keratinized bill, keeled sternum, clavicles used to form a furculum, pneumatic bnes, reduction and loss of forelimb bones, reduction f the fibula, reorientation of the pelvic bones, reduction of the caudal vertebrae to a pygostyle. |
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Term
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Definition
| flightless. Ostriches, rheeas, emus, kiwis |
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Term
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Definition
| Ducks, geese, swanthe have broadened bills, short legs, oily feathers, their young are hatched in an advanced state |
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Term
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Definition
| Many many species. Song birds/ perching birds. The young are naked, blind, helpless. |
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Term
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Definition
| include woodpeckers, toucans. THey have long extendable tongues which are made possible by the elongation of the hyid bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Owls. Nocturnal. Forwards facing eyes. Large external ears with flaps. Hooked beaks. Strong feet with talons, fluffy plummage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parrots, lories, macaws. Have narrow hooked beaks. Brilliant plummage. Upper mandible hinged to the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| SHore birds. fish eaters, or invertebrate eaters. Guls are carnivores |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes doves and pigeons. Females produce milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Falcons, eagles, hawks. THey are diurnal. Keen vision, hooked ills, sharp talons |
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Term
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Definition
| Swifts and hummingbirds. Relatively small birds. SHort feet small and weak bills or tubular with brushy tongues. Humming birds can fly backwords |
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Term
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Definition
| Pelicans, boobies, frigate birds. They are largely diving fish eaters. THeir toes are united in one web. They have long beaks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Penguins! Antarctica and Galapagos Islands. |
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Term
Rock dove dissection (columbiformes)
What structures of reptilians might be homologous to feathers. How might you test your hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Reptilian dinosaurs likely had bones with holes, but no feathers instead they have scales which acted to improve aerodynamics. You could do a chemical comparison, because if they are synapomorphic they will have similar chemical components. |
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Term
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Definition
| a central "rachis" remsembles a branch with closelt speced bardbs on either side of the rachis. this hole structure can be called a vein. Barbules, hooked like structures, a re on the feathers and help t remain strong and intact for flight. THese are present on the wings, body and tail |
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Term
| Down and Semiplume feathers: make-up and orientation |
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Definition
| Soft or downy barbs which insulate the bird- beneath the contour feathers |
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Term
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Definition
| Filoplumes are fine, hair like feathers. The nerve endings on them can sense position and movements, pressure and vibrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| THese are specialized feathers with stiff rachis and barbs either present or absent. Bristles are found around the eyes, head ad toes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual selection, germ control, aerodynamics |
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Term
| How do birds prevent food fro entering the glottis |
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Definition
| The glottis automatically closes when the bird opens his mouth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the crop and gizzard |
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Definition
| Crop= first place the food enters. Easily ready nutrients are gleaned here. Gizzard= last place the food goes. Food that is most difficult to digest goes here- rocks. |
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Term
| What structure is a synapomorphy for Crocadillia and aves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Instead of teeth- has a beak made of keratin.- lightens head. |
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Term
| Modifications for flight- bones |
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Definition
Pectoral girdle- can accomadte extremely high stress (flight) and the flapping of the winds.
THe scapula and furcula brace the shoulders against the displacement by flapping motions.
Coracoid braces the sternum against the compression created by the down beat of the wing.
Limbs are lightened by the pneumatizaation of bones. Many of the resulting spaces are filled with respiratory extensions of the air sac. |
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Term
| More skeletal modifications for flight |
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Definition
| Fusion of vertebrae to provide a light and stiff framework. THe pelvic bones are proadened and lenthend. They are now long, thin bars which are parallel to the vertebral column. No long tail- pygostyle instead supports the feathers. toes are reduced. Wing bones are shortened and broadened. |
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Term
| List 5 morphological features that have been modified to be advantageous in flight |
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Definition
1) fused vertebrate which provides a light and stiff framework
2) Pelvic bones the illeum is broader and stronger to accomadate a centrally placed abdomen
3) Modified tail - pygostylle is lighter and still useful for navigation.
4) Hindlumbs are modified for speed and reduction of breakage.
5) Forelimbs. The humerus is broadened resulting in more ares for muscle attatchement |
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Term
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Definition
| Long thin beak, legs are long for wading. eg. sandpipers |
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Term
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Definition
| Beak is long and spear-like. legs are longs. eg. egrets, herons |
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Term
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Definition
| Beak is short and hooked and sharp. Legs are short and muscular.eg. owls and hawks |
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Term
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Definition
| beak is short, flat and broad. beak has fills on iit for straining water out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beak is long and pointed. eg. passerines |
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Term
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Definition
| Beak is short, stubby and sharp-edged. sparrows, parrots |
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Term
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Definition
| short, flat and broad. Sometimes bristles besde the beak for detecting insects. eg. night hawks, and swallows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beak is long and narrow. Tongue is also long and protrudes. eg. hummingbirds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapomorphies: pair of single lower jaw bones, dentaries, pinnae (external ears) mammary glands in females, a muscular diaphragm- increases o2 availability, a four-chambered heart- also aids in increased oxygen transport , an endothermic metabolism, similar ear structuree. Hair is present, which functions as camoouflage, insulation. hair is not homolgous with scales. mammary glands. some have nipples (theria) some dont (monotremes) |
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Term
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Definition
Eg. Platypus, echidnas. Lay eggs- oviparous. THis is a sunapomorphy for monotremes. a well they lose their teeth as adults. All male monotrees posess horny spurs on their hundlimbs. Independently evolved a venum system- platypus. Monotremes produce milk.
Echidnas: furry, tubular nose, small mouth. Pltypus: short and stout,webbed feet, beaver tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eg. marsupilial =oppposums, kangaroos, Placental = CHiroptera- bats, carnivora- bears. Synapomorphies: Viviarous. Absence of the cloaca ( more openings) nipples in females. Two seperate excretory openings, external male gonads, placenta. |
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Term
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Definition
| Females have pouches, and a short lived placenta. Gestation is brief. After- feeds through nipple |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapomorphies include placenta and the formation of the corpus callosum in the brain. The placenta is the centre fir the exchnge of food, gases and waste. More well developed than marsupials. |
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Term
| Edentata (taxa of placentalia) |
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Definition
| eg. sloths, armadillos, anteaters. Synapomorphies: xantharthroles which are an additional articulation between the lumbar vertebrae |
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Term
| Glires of Placentalia. Includes rodentia, lagomorphs, chiroptera |
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Definition
| rabbitsm pika, bats. Synapomorophy: everr-growing incissors.This ensures that if they lose their teeth or grind them down they are still able to survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans are classified as primates |
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Term
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Definition
| bats. Only mammals with wings that are capable of true flight. Pigeon are similar to bat limbs in that their forelimbs are homologues and their wings ( an ancestor) are an example of homoplasy (no ancestor) |
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Term
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Definition
| dogs, bears, cats. Synapomorphies: presence of carnesial teeth, which are an adaptation for capture and feeding on large prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| whales, porposises,swine, giraffe, sheep. Many have hooves |
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Term
| Placentalia, glires, rodentia |
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Definition
| Structures: large ears (pinnae), long harless tail. Pinnae are a synapomorphy for mammals.Scrotum for theria, claws for tetrapods |
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Term
| Urogental system of the rat important points |
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Definition
| kidneys and ereterrs attach to the bladder. Female rats have a clitoris. Males have external scrotal sacs. |
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Term
| Respiratory and Circulatory Systems of the Rat |
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Definition
| Trachea, lungs, muscular diaphragm and four-chambered heart. Diaphragm expands during breathing. four-chambered heart is a synapomorphy with birds (aves) |
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Term
| Skeletal System of the rat important points |
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Definition
| lower jaw is composed of the dentary (mandible) Articular bone has become the malleus of the inner ear. THe quadrate bone has become the incus of the inner ear. in the osteichthyans. |
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Term
| WHy is studying bones important |
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Definition
| it is important to be able too identify the phylogeny, homology, behaviourm phenotypes with regards to all disciplines within the study of life |
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Term
| Four tooth types in mandbles of animals |
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Definition
| incissors- chisel shaped and used for nipping. Canines- are unicuspid and the most anterior teeth. premolars are poseterior to them and molars are big with more cuspids than premolars and are most posterior in the mouth |
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Term
| how have tooth types been used to identify lineages? |
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Definition
| THey have been modified for their diets. More incisors, canines- carnivores. pre-molars are for grinding. Skulls become larger to support larger brains. |
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Term
| Human brain and chimanzee/ gorilla skulls |
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Definition
| Similar shapes, skull density, flattened faces, bony eye sockets, eyes face forward. Same teeth identical dentition. |
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Term
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Definition
| enucleated red blood cels mean that more oxygen can be transferred quicky through the body, so the body can become bigger, more complex and has the ability to produce more energy to keep itself warm. |
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Term
| Advantages and Disadvantages to Endothermy |
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Definition
| Advantage: decreased vulnerability ot temperature fluctuations. Can be active at a greater range of times during the day/ night. Must consume more energy to maintain high metabolic rates |
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