Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BIO 446L Exam 1
Possible BIO 446L Lecture exam 1 topics/questions
125
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/24/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
One fixative widely used for light microscopy is ___.
Definition
formalin
(buffered isotonic solution of 37% formaldehyde)
Term
Fixation
Definition
The initial treatment for tissue preparation.
Usually involves immersion in solutions of stabilizing or cross linking compounds called fixatives (chemicals used to preserve tissue structures).
Term
Two interacting components of tissue
Definition
cells and extra cellular matrix (ECM)
Term
What is the advantage of plastic embedding compared to paraffin embedding?
Definition
Plastic embedding avoids the higher temperatures needed for paraffin embedding, which helps avoid shrinkage and major distortion of the tissue.
Term
Embedding & Sectioning
Definition
Embedding hardens the tissue in a solid medium to allow sectioning of the tissue into thin sections.
Term
biopsy
Definition
Tissue sample removed during surgery or routine medical procedures.
Term
When are freezing biopsies for rapid examination used?
Definition
When results of examination are needed before the medical procedure is completed. (Ex. to know whether a growth is malignant before the patient is closed).
In histochemical study of very small enzymes or small molecules.
Term
Advantage of freezing biopsies in the histochemical study
Definition
Freezing, unlike, fixation, does not inactivate most enzymes.
Because clearing solvents, such as toluene, dissolve cell lipids in fixed tissues, frozen sections are also useful when structures containing lipids are to be studied histologically.
Term
microtome
Definition
An instrument used for sectioning paraffin-embedded tissues for light microscopy
Term
cryostat
Definition
An instrument used for sectioning frozen tissues/biopsies.
Term
basophilic
Definition
Anionic cell component such as nucleic acids and glycoaminoglycans that have affinity for basic dyes.
Term
acidophilic
Definition
Cationic cell components such as proteins with many ionized amino groups, mitochondria, secretory granules, and collagen that have affinity for acidic dyes.
Term
Most common staining method
Definition
Simple combination of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
Term
How does hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method work?
Definition
Hematoxylin produces a dark blue or purple color, staining DNA in the cell nucleus and other acidic structures (such as RNA rich protions of the cytoplasm and the matrix of cartilage). In contrast, eosin stains other cytoplasmic components and collagen pink.
Term
How does periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent reaction work?
Definition
It is a histochemical stain for carbohydrates involving production of aldehyde group from 1,2-glycol groups, by initial treatment with periodic acid, then reaction of these groups with Schiff's reagent to produce a magenta color.
Term
bright field microscopy
Definition
The method most commonly used by both students and pathologists. Uses ordinary light and the colors are imparted by tissue staining.
Term
fluorescence microscopy
Definition
Uses UV light under which only fluorescent molecules are visible, allowing localization of fluorescent probes which can be much more specific than routine probes.
Term
What can be used as fluorescent stains?
Definition
Fluorescent compounds with affinity for specific cell macromolecules may be used as fluorescent stains.
(Ex. acridine orange (nucleic acid)(emit yellow light), DAPI and Hoechst (DNA)(emit blue light))
Term
phase-contrast microscopy
Definition
Uses the differences in refractive index of various natural cell and tissue components to produce an image without staining, allowing observation of living cells.
Term
Significance of phase-contrast microscopy
Definition
Because they allow the examination of cells without staining or fixation, it is a prominent tool in all cell culture laboratories, or observing living cells.
Term
differential interference microscopy
Definition
A modification of phase-contrast microscopy using Nomarski optics, which produces an image of living cells with a more apparent 3D aspect.
Term
confocal microscopy
Definition
Involves scanning the specimen at successive focal planes with a focused light beam, often from a laser, and produces a 3D reconstruction from the images.
Term
Significance of confocal microscopy
Definition
Allows digital reconstruction of 3D interior of specimen without disrupting.
Term
polarizing microscopy
Definition
Allows the recognition of stained or unstained structures made of highly organized subunits, such as cellulose, collagen, microtubules, and actin filaments, using two polarizing filters.
Term
birefringence
Definition
The ability to rotate the direction of vibration of polarized light.
It is a feature of crystalline substances or substances containing highly oriented molecules, such as cellulose, collagen, microtubules, and actin filaments.
Term
transmission EM (TEM)
Definition
An electron microscope that sends electromagnetically focused beams of electrons at very high voltage through ultrathin sections of tissue.
Term
Tissue preparation for TEM involves adding _1_ that associate at different electron densities with cell and tissue components, improving _2_ in the resulting image.
Definition
1) heavy metal ions
2) contrast
Term
scanning EM (SEM)
Definition
An electron microscope that scans an electron beam across a specimen coated with a thin layer of heavy metal; reflected and secondary electrons from the specimen are processed into a 3D structural image.
Term
_1_ and _2_ are techniques that allow TEM study of cells without fixation or embedding.
Definition
1) cryofracture
2) freeze etching
Term
___ has been particularly useful in the study of membrane structure.
Definition
cryofracture
Term
autoradiograph
Definition
Tissue preparations in which particles called silver grains indicate the cells or regions of cells in which specific macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein, glycoprotein, and polysaccharides) were synthesized just prior to fixation.
Term
Significance of autoradiography
Definition
with either light microscopy or TEM, autoradiography permits unique studies of processes such as tissue growth (using radioactive DNA precursors) or cellular pathway of macromolecular synthesis.
Term
transformation
Definition
Certain changes in the cell to promote cell immortality.
Term
HeLa cell
Definition
One of the first permanent cell lines established from cervical cancer cells.
Term
Example of enzymes that can be detected histochemically
Definition
Dehydrogenases: Mitochondria can be specifically identified by the method, because dehydrogenases are among the citric acid (Krebs) cycle enzymes of this organelle.
Term
immunohistochemistry
Definition
Based on specific reactions between an antigen and antibodies labeled with visible markers. Often fluorescent compounds or peroxidase are used for light microscopy and gold particles are used for TEM.
Term
Antibodies belong to the _1_ family of glycoproteins, produced by _2_.
Definition
1) immunoglobulin
2) lymphocytes
Term
direct immunohistochemistry
Definition
a process where the cell or tissue antigen of interest is detected by directly binding a labeled primary antibody specific for that antigen.
Term
_1_ uses an unlabeled primary antibody that is detected bound to its antigen with labeled _2_.
Definition
1) indirect immunohistochemistry
2) secondary antibodies
Term
Which immunohistochemistry method is more commonly used and why?
Definition
The indirect immunohistochemical method is more commonly used because the added level of antibody binding amplifies the signal detected and provides greater technical flexibility.
Term
Medical application of immunohistochemistry
Definition
Because cells in some diseases, including many cancer cells, often produce proteins unique to their pathologic condition, immunohistochemistry can be used by pathologists to diagnose many diseases, including certain types of tumors and some virus infected cells.
Term
Membranes of animal cells have as their major lipid components _1_ and _2_.
Definition
1) phospholipid
2) cholesterol
Term
trilaminar unit membrane
Definition
Refers to phospholipid membrane seen with TEM. Although plasma membrane is a bilayer, looking with TEM shows two dark dense lines separated by lighter, less dense middle layer -> 3 layers.
Term
fluid mosaic model
Definition
Membrane structure emphasizing that the phospholipid bilayer of a membrane also contains proteins inserted in it or associated with its surface and that many of these proteins move within the fluid lipid phase.
Term
glycocalyx
Definition
The branches of oligosaccharide chains of glycolipids and glycoproteins contributing to a delicate cell surface coating. It provides important antigenic and functioning properties to the cell surface.
Term
lipid raft
Definition
Special membrane patches that have higher concentration of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids which reduces lipid fluidity. membrane proteins functioning as components of large enzyme complexes (ex. G-proteins) are located in lipid rafts.
Term
Medical application of in situ hybridization (ISH)
Definition
Virus infected cells, such as warts, can often be demonstrated by ISH. Certain cancer cells with unique or elevated expression of specific genes are also localized in tumors and studied microscopically by ISH.
Term
Cells specialized in movement
Definition
muscle and other contractile cells
Term
Cells specialized in forming adhesive and tight junctions between cells
Definition
epithelial cells
Term
Cells specialized in synthesizing and secreting components of the ECM
Definition
fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage
Term
Cells specialized in converting physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials
Definition
neurons and sensory cells
Term
Cells specialized in synthesizing and secreting degradative enzymes
Definition
cells of digestive glands
Term
Cells specialized in synthesizing and secreting glycoproteins
Definition
cells of mucous glands
Term
Cells specialized in synthesizing and secreting steroids
Definition
certain cells of the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary
Term
Cells specialized in ion transport
Definition
cells of the kidney and salivary gland ducts
Term
Cells specialized in intracellular digestion
Definition
macrophages and neutrophils
Term
Cells specialized in lipid storage
Definition
fat cells
Term
Cells specialized in metabolite absorption
Definition
cells lining the intestine
Term
intracellular fluid has a ___ composition than extracellular fluid.
Definition
different
Term
Major constituents of membranes
Definition
proteins
Term
Function of plasma membrane
Definition

physical barrier, selective permeability, establish electrochemical gradients, and contains receptors for communication

Term
Where can these semipermeable, lipid bilayer membrane be found?
Definition
The membrane can be found making up the outer barrier of the cell and the nuclear envelope.
Term
Basic different types of proteins associated with the membrane lipid bilayer
Definition
  1. Peripheral protein
  2. Integral protein
    1. Transmembrane protein
      1. Glycoprotein
      2. Ion-specific channel protein
      3. Carrier/transporter protein
Term
  1. Endocytosis
  2. 3 major types of endocytosis

 

Definition
  1. Bulk movement of substance into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.
  2. phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia.

Ex. Certain white blood cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are specialized for engulfing and removing particulate matters such as bacteria, protozoa, dead cells, and unneeded extracellular constituents.

Pseudopodia are extended in an actin-dependent process.

The resulting intracellular vacuole is called a phagosome, which fuses with lysosome for degradation.

Term
Pinocytosis
Definition

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstital fluid is taken up by the cell.

Ex. Formation of small vesicles in capillary wall to move substances.

Non-specific, intake of ECF and dissolved particles only.

Transcytosis: process of bulk transfer of material across the cell

Term
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition

Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by the cell.

Ex. Uptake of cholesterol, Fe, and vitamin B12 into cells

Term
Medical application of defective receptors
Definition

Many diseases are caused by defective receptors.

Ex. pseudohypoparathyroidism (nonfunctioning parathyroid receptors), one type of dwarfism (nonfunctioning growth hormone receptors), and type 2 diabetes (nonfunctioning insulin receptors)

The glands produce the respective hormones, but the target cells can't respond because they lack normal receptors.

Term
Ribosome (structure)
Definition

Organelles composed of both protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that are organized into both a large and small subunit; may be bound (ex. rough ER) or free in cytosol.

Term
Free vs. bound ribosomes
Definition
  • Free ribosomes
    • Synthesize cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins
    • Synthesize proteins for import into the nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes.
  • Bound ribosomes
    • Synthesize proteins that are to be incorporated into membranes, stored in lysosomes, or eventually secreted from the cell.
Term
What happens to misfolded proteins?
Definition

Misfolded proteins are conjugated to ubiquitin and targeted for proteasomal degradation.

Term
Polyribosomes are intensely ___.
Definition
basophilic
Term
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)
Definition

Extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape (ex. cisternae, tubules) and ribosomes are attached on cytoplasmic surface.

Modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes; these proteins are secreted, become components of the plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes of lysosomes.

Term
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
Definition

Extensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosomes.

Synthesizes, transports, and stores lipids (ex. steroid, phospholipid)

Metabolizes carbohydrates

Detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons

Forms vesicles and peroxisomes

Temporary sequestrate Ca2+

Term
Medical application regarding RER
Definition

Quality control during protein production in the RER and properly functioning ER associated degradation (ERAD) to dispose of defective proteins are extremely important and several inherited diseases result from malfunctions in this system.

In some forms of osteogenesis imperfecta bone cells synthesize and secrete defective procollagen molecules which can't assemble properly and produce very weak bone tissue.

Term
Morphology of cells that make few or no proteins for secretion
Definition

Very little RER with essentially all polyribosomes free in the cytoplasm.

Ex. erythroblast

Term
Morphology of cells that synthesize, segregate, and store various proteins for secretion
Definition

Have RER, a Golgi apparatus, and a supply og secretory granules or vesicles containing the proteins ready to be secreted.

Ex. eosinophilic leukocyte

Term

Morphology of cells where proteins undergo immediate exocytosis

Definition

Have extensive RER and a well-developed Golgi apparatus with few secretory granules.

Ex. plasma cell

Term
Morphology of epithelial cells specialized for secretion
Definition

Have distinct polarity, with RER abundant at their basal ends and mature secretory granules at the apical poles undergoing exocytosis into the lumen of a gland.

Ex. pancreatic acinar cell

Term
Medical application of SER
Definition

Jaundice

Yellowish discoloration of the skin

Caused by accumulation in ECF of bilirubin and other pigmented compounds, which are normally metabolized in liver (SER enzymes) and excreted as bile.

A frequent cause in newborn infants is an underdeveloped state of SER in liver cells, with failure of bilirubin to be converted to a form that can be readily excreted.

Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition

Organelle consisting of stacked membraneous cisternae in which proteins made in RER are processed further and packaged for secretion or other roles.

Term
Secretory granules
Definition

Originating as condensing vesicles in the Golgi apparatus, secretory granules are found in cells that store a product until its release by exocytosis is signaled by a metabolic, hormonal, or neural message (regulated secretion).

Term
in situ hybridization (ISH)
Definition

A technique used to cytologically map the locations of genes or other DNA sequence within large eukaryotic chromosomes. In this method, a complementary probe is used to detect the location of a gene within a set of chromosomes

Term

Microtubules

  1. Structure
  2. General location
  3. Major function
Definition
  1. Hollow tube with a wall of 13 parallel protofilaments; composed of alpha and beta tubulin
  2. Radiating through cytoplasm from concentration at centrosomes; axonemes (cilia and flagella)
  3. Maintain cell shape, rigidity, and polarity; organize and move organelles (tracks for motor proteins: kinesins and dyneins); support cilia and flagella; participate in vascular transport; separate chromosomes during the process of cell division
Term

Microfilaments

  1. Structure
  2. General locations
  3. Major functions
Definition
  1. Composed of globular G-actin monomers that assemble in the presence of K+ and Mg+ into a double stranded helix of filamentous F-actin. The G-actin subunits are added to the (+) end and removed at the (-) end. (treadmilling)
  2. Concentrated beneath cell membrane; in cell extensions like microvilli.
  3. Maintain cell shape; support microvilli; separate two cells during cytokinesis (a process of cell division); facilitate change in cell shape (ex. pseudopod extension); participate in muscle contraction
Term

Intermediate filament

  1. Structure
  2. General locations
  3. Major functions
Definition
  1. Cable of 4 intertwined protofibrils, each consisting of bundled tetramers associated end to end. It is composed of various protein subunits in different cells such as vimentin, nuclear lamins, neurofilament proteins, and keratins
  2. Arrayed throughout cytoplasm; at desmosomes (macula adherens); inside nuclear envelope
  3. Strengthen cell and tissue structure; maintain cell shape; maintain nuclear shape (lamins)
Term

Peroxisomes

  1. Structure
  2. Major Function
Definition
  1. Small, spherical shaped membrane bound organelles formed form the ER or through fission; contain oxidative enzymes
  2. Detoxify specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taken into the cell; engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA
Term
Zygomen granules
Definition

secretory granules with dense contents of digestive enzymes

Term

Lysosomal storage disorders

  1. Cause and result
  2. 5 examples of disorders and the tissues affected
Definition
  1. Stem from defects in one or more of the digestive enzymes present in lysosomes (synthesized in RER), usually due to a mutation leading to a deficiency of one of the enzymes, or defects due to faulty posttranslational processing. This results in large accumulation of secondary lysosomes or large residual bodies, interferring with normal cell/tissue function.
  2. disease:tissue affected

Hurler syndrome (MPS 1): skeleton & nervous sys.

McArdle syndrome: skeletal muscle

Tay-Sachs: nervous system

Gaucher: liver and spleen

I-cell disease: skeleton and nervous system

Term

Secondary lysosome can be formed by fusing primary lysosome with _1_, _2_, and _3_.

Definition
  1. late endosome
  2. phagocytic vacuole
  3. autophagosome
Term
Medical relations between proteosomes and some neurologic disorders
Definition

Failure of proteasomes or toher aspects of a cell's protein quality control can allow large aggregates of protein to accumulate in affected cells. Such affrefates may adsorb other macromolecules to them and damage or kill cells. The aggregates that are released can then accumulate in ECM.

In the brain this can interfere directly with cell function and lead to neurodegeneration. Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease are two neurologic disorders caused initially by such protein aggregates.

Term

In order to block activity of mitotic spindle in rapidly growing neoplastic cells for cancer therapy, which components of the cell should be inhibited?

Definition

Centrosome, specifically dynamics of microtubules.

Term

How can we identify the tissue of origin for a cancerous tumor that has metastasized?

Definition

By looking for the presence of a specific type of intermediate filament. Identification of intermediate filament proteins by means of immunocytochemical methods is a routine procedure.

Ex. use of GFAP to identify astrocytomas (common type of brain tumor)

Term
apoptosis
Definition

The process by which redundant or defective cells are rapidly eliminated in a manner that doesn't provoke a local inflammatory reaction in the tissue.

Term

All substances that enter or leave tissues and organs must cross ___.

Definition

an epithelium

This is because epithelial cells line all external and internal surfaces of the body.

Term
Main characteristics of epithelia
Definition
  • tightly packed
  • avascular
  • form sheets, line, cover, protect
  • secrete and absorb
  • myoepithelia can contract
Term
basement membrane
Definition

A thin EC layer of specialized proteins, usually having 2 parts: a basal lamina and a more fibrous reticular lamina

Term
basal lamina
Definition

A thin meshwork of type IV collagen and laminin produced by the epithelial cells.

laminin: lacey glycoprotein in layer anchored by transmembrane integrins

Ex. hemidesmosomes with receptors for laminin and type IV collagen

type IV collagen: smooth layer beneath laminin

Term

The laminin and type IV collagen networks are held together by the adhesive glycoprotein _1_ and proteoglycan _2_.

Definition
  1. entactin
  2. perlecan
Term
reticular lamina
Definition

Contains type III collagen and anchoring fibrils of VII collagen, all secreted by cells of the immediately adjacent connective tissue.

Term
Function of basement membrane
Definition
  • attach epithelia to connective tissue
  • regulate substance passing from connective tissue into epithelia
  • provide a guide or scaffold during tissue regeneration after injury
  • compartmentalize epithelial cells from other tissues
Term

Tight Junction (Zonula Occludens)

  1. Cytoskeletal compartments
  2. Major functions
  3. medical significance
Definition

Occluding junction

  1. actin filaments
  2. seals adjacent cells to one another, controlling passage of molecules between them; separates apical and basolateral membrane domains
  3. defects in occludins (one of the major transmembrane link proteins) may compromise the fetal blood-brain barrier, leading to severe neurologic disorders
Term

Adherent Junction (Zonula Adherens)

  1. Cytoskeletal compartments
  2. Major functions
  3. medical significance
Definition

Anchoring junction

  1. actin filaments
  2. provides points linking the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells; strengthens and stabilizes nearby tight junctions
  3. loss of E-cadherin (one of the transmembrane link proteins) in epithelial cell tumors (carcinomas) promotes tumor invasion and the shift to malignancy.
Term

Gap Junction (Nexus) 

  1. Cytoskeletal compartments
  2. Major functions
  3. medical significance
Definition

Communicating junction

  1. none
  2. Allows direct transfer of small molecules and ions from one cell to another
  3. Mutations in various connexin (one of the transmembrane link proteins) genes have been linked to certain types of deafness and peripheral neuropathy
Term

Desmosome (Macula adherens) 

 

  1. Cytoskeletal compartments
  2. Major functions
  3. medical significance
Definition

anchoring junction

  1. intermediate filaments (keratins)
  2. Provides points of strong intermediate filament coupling between adjacent cells, strengthening the tissue
  3. Autoimmunity against desmoglein I leads to dyshesive skin disorders, characterized by reduced cohesion of epidermal cells.
Term

Hemidesmosome

 

  1. Cytoskeletal compartments
  2. Major functions
  3. medical significance
Definition

Anchoring junction

  1. intermediate filament
  2. Anchors cytoskeleton to the basal lamina
  3. Mutations in one of the integrin (one of the transmembrane link proteins) gene are linked to some types of epidermolysis bullosa, a skin blistering disorder (Ex. pemphigus vulgaris)
Term

Simple squamous epithelia

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition
  1. lining of vessels (endothelium); serous lining of cavities; peribardium, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelium)
  2. Facilitates the movement of the viscera, active transport by pinocytosis, secretion of biologically active molecules, often exhibit transcytosis
Term

Simple cuboidal epithelia

 

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition
  1. Covering the ovary and thyroid
  2. Covering and secretion
Term

Simple columnar epithelia

 

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition
  1. Lining of intestine and gallbladder
  2. Protection, lubrication, absorption, and secretion
Term

Pseudostratified epithelia 

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition

Layers of cells with nuclei at different levels; not all cells reach surface but all adhere to basal lamina.

  1. Lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity
  2. Protection and secretion; cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus out of the air passages
Term

Stratified sqamous keratinized epithelia

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition
  1. Epidermis
  2. Protection; prevents water loss
Term

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelia

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition
  1. Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal
  2. Protection and secretion; prevents water loss
Term

Stratified cuboidal epithelia

 

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition
  1. Sweat glands, and developing ovarian follicles
  2. Protection and secretion
Term

Stratified transitional epithelia

 

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition
  1. Bladder, ureters, renal calyces
  2. Protection and distensibility
Term

Stratified columnar epithelia

 

  1. Examples of distribution
  2. Main function
Definition
  1. Conjunctiva (Ex. conjunctiva lining the eyelids, where it is both protective and mucus secreting)
  2. Protection (and sometimes secretion)
Term

Common epithelial medical problems of habitual smokers

(medical application of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium of bronchi)

Definition

Chronic bronchitis can be seen common among habitual smokers.

For people with chronic bronchitis, the number of goblet cells in the lining of airways in the lungs often increase greatly. This leads to excess production of mucus, and too few numbers of ciliated cells for rapid removal of mucus, contributing to obstruction of airways.

The ciliated pseudostratified epithelium lining the bronchi of smokers can also be transformed into stratified squamous epithelium by metaplasia.

Term
Merocrine gland
Definition

Releases products, usually containing proteins or glycoproteins, by means of exocytosis at the apical end of the secretory cells.

Most exocrine glands, salivary gland, and mammary gland are merocrine.

Term
Holocrine gland
Definition

The products are produced by the disintegration of the secretory cells themselves as they complete their terminal differentiation, which involves becoming filled with product.

Sebaceous glands of hair follicles are best examples of holocrine glands.

Term
Apocrine gland
Definition

Secretion involves loss of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm, usually containing one or more lipid droplet.

Can be seen in mammary glands.

Term

Malignant tumors of epithelial origin are called _1_. Malignant tumors derived from glandular epithelial tissue are called _2_.

Definition
  1. carcinomas
  2. adenocarcinomas
Term

What gland is responsible for acne (acne vulgaris)? What causes acne?

Definition

Holocrine sebaceous gland

Excessive holocrine secretion of sebum and keratin triggered by the surge of the steroid hormone testosterone that occurs in both genders at puberty frequently blocks the ducts within the gland. Also, activity of the normal commensal skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes within the blocked duct commonly produces localized inflammation.

Term

A male infertility, or immotile spermatozoa, which is one of the symptoms of immotile cilia syndrome (Kartagener syndrome) is caused by mutation in ___.

Definition

Microtubules in cilia and flagella

Term

Exocrine glands producing mucus, or similar individual cells called _1_, are called _2_. Oligosaccharide components of mucus stain well with _3_.

Definition
  1. goblet cells
  2. mucous glands
  3. PAS stain
Term

Exocrine glands producing largely enzymes (proteins) are called _1_ and stain darkly with H&E due to the cells' content of _2_ and _3_.

Definition
  1. seroud glands
  2. RER
  3. secretory granules
Supporting users have an ad free experience!