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Bio 255
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159
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/06/2012

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
Study of structures of body parts in relation to functions and one another: Gross/Macroscopic and developmental
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
Our skin, covers the entire body, includes skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair and nails. Protects lower tissues.
Term
Skeletal System
Definition
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments, protects and supports body, provide infrastructure and framework, makes blood cells, and stores minerals, mostly calcium
Term
Muscular system
Definition
Composed of muscles and tendons, allows movement
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Composed of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Fast acting control system, responds to stimuli and activated muscular and other responses
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Glands secreting hormones, slow moving control system
Term
Cardiovascular system
Definition
composed of heart and blood vessels, transports respiratory gasses, hormones etc.
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
Drains fluids that have leaked, picks up Debris, and returns it all to the blood stream, houses white blood cells
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, does gas exchange.
Term
Digestive system
Definition
Breaks down food into usable sizes/chemicals. eliminates indigestible food stuffs as waste
Term
Urinary system
Definition
Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body, regulates blood water, electrolytes and pH balance
Term
reproductive system
Definition
allows for reproduction and care of infants
Term
superior
Definition
above
Term
inferior
Definition
below
Term
anterior
Definition
in front
Term
posterior
Definition
in back
Term
Medial
Definition
towards the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline
Term
proximal
Definition
closer to the point of the attachment
Term
distal
Definition
further from the point of attachment
Term
superficial
Definition
surface
Term
deep
Definition
away from the surface
Term
axial
Definition
head, neck, and trunk
Term
appendicular
Definition
appendages or limbs
Term
cephalic
Definition
head
Term
frontal
Definition
forehead
Term
orbital
Definition
eye
Term
buccal
Definition
cheek
Term
mental
Definition
chin
Term
nasal
Definition
nose
Term
oral
Definition
mouth
Term
cranial
Definition
surrounding the brain
Term
occipital
Definition
back of the head
Term
auricular
Definition
ear
Term
cervical
Definition
neck
Term
deltoid
Definition
shoulder
Term
sternal
Definition
sternum
Term
pectoral
Definition
chest
Term
mammary
Definition
breast
Term
axillary
Definition
armpit
Term
thoracic
Definition
upper trunk
Term
vertibral
Definition
spinal column
Term
brachial
Definition
arm
Term
antecubital
Definition
anterior elbow
Term
olecranal
Definition
posterior elbow
Term
abdonminal
Definition
abdomen
Term
lumbar
Definition
lower back
Term
antebrachial
Definition
forearm
Term
coxal
Definition
hip
Term
carpal
Definition
wrist
Term
pelvic
Definition
pelvis region
Term
ingunial
Definition
groin
Term
palmar
Definition
palm of the hand
Term
pubic
Definition
genitals
Term
digital
Definition
fingers
Term
manus
Definition
hand
Term
dorsum
Definition
back of the hand
Term
femoral
Definition
thigh
Term
patellar
Definition
antrior knee
Term
popliteal
Definition
posterior knee
Term
cural
Definition
lower leg
Term
sural
Definition
calf
Term
tarsal
Definition
ankle
Term
calcaneal
Definition
heel
Term
plantar
Definition
sole of the foot
Term
pedal
Definition
foot
Term
sagittal
Definition
divides the body into left and right parts
Term
coronal
Definition
divides the body into posterior and anterior parts
Term
transverse
Definition
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Term
dorsal cavity
Definition
protects the nervous system
Term
ventral cavity
Definition
encloses internal organs
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
chest cavity superior to the diaphragm
Term
pleural cavities
Definition
each houses one lung
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
encloses heart
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
abdomen and pelvic inferior to the diaphragm
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other viscera
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Term
perietal serosa
Definition
lines internal body walls
Term
visceral serosa
Definition
lines internal organs
Term
serous fluid
Definition
lubricates parietal and visceral serosa
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
physical boundary, separates intracellular fluids from extra-cellular fluids, is selectively permeable, intracellular communication, adhesion, and matrix
Term
tight junction
Definition
impermiable junction between cells
Term
adherins junction
Definition
a belt of desmosomes
Term
desmosomes
Definition
cell to cell hard points
Term
gap junction
Definition
allows molecules to be passed between cells
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
gel like fluid within a cell, includes melanin for color, glycogen(fast energy), and lipids(energy storage)
Term
Nucleus
Definition
control center of the cell, contains chromosomes and nucleolus, does cell reproduction and protein synthesis
Term
nucleolus
Definition
concentrated area of RNA, no border, makes ribosomes
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
stack of membranes studded with ribosomes
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
stack of membranses with no ribosomes, lipid synthesis, membrane formation, detox, and calcium storage
Term
golgi bodies
Definition
membrane stacks, tag proteins with glycemic indicators for routing purposes
Term
lysosomes
Definition
cell digestion centers contains enzymes of hydrolysis
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
aid in digestion
Term
mitochondria
Definition
ATP synthesis for energy contain their own DNA and all are descendant from mom
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
structural and transportation functions includes microfibers, intermediate filaments, and microtubles
Term
microfibers
Definition
muscle like contractile fibers movement in and out of cells
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
provide structure and strength
Term
microtubles
Definition
larger conveyor belt movement in a cell
Term
cilia
Definition
many short hair like extensions, move mucus and particles along outside of cell
Term
flagella
Definition
single longer projection used to move the cell, only on sperm in the human body
Term
microvilli
Definition
short projections that increase surface area of cells
Term
chromatin
Definition
threadlike dispersed DNA, condenses into chromosomes when cell is dividing
Term
mitosis
Definition
process of cell division
Term
prophase
Definition
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromosomes lined up at cell equator
Term
anaphase
Definition
chromosomes pulled apart into chromatids one full set at each end of cell
Term
telophase
Definition
chromatids disperse and nuclear envelope develops, simultaneous with cytokineses
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
cell divides into 2 cells
Term
interphase
Definition
cells functional lifespan before it divides again
Term
G1 phase
Definition
cell grows, duplicates organelles
Term
s phase
Definition
DNA or chromatids synthesized creating pairs of chromatids that form chromosomes
Term
g2 phase
Definition
cell readies for mitosis
Term
tissues
Definition
aggregation of similar cells with specialized function, characteristics, and extracellular matrix
Term
epithelial
Definition
covers and lines structures, forms glands
Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition
thin flat cells that allow diffusion, form a porous sheet in kidneys for cell diffusion
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
cube shaped cells that allow secretion and absorbtion
Term
simple columnar epithelium
Definition
tall active cells allow secretion and absorbtion, nuclei will all be aligned
Term
pseudostratefied columnar epithelium
Definition
secretion and movement of mucus, ciliated, nuclei will be at different levels
Term
stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
layers of thin flat cells apical surface allows cells to sloughed off, provides protection from external movement
Term
stratefied cuboidal and columnar epithelium
Definition
very rare in the human body
Term
transitional epithelium
Definition
lines urinary bladder stretches very well
Term
glandular epithelium
Definition
makes glands
Term
connective tissue
Definition
deeper than epithelium, vascular, innervated, scattered cells, mostly matrix
Term
collagen
Definition
type of connective tissue matrix, 5 types, all tough, flexible, parallel fibers in cross-linked bundles, most abundant in the body
Term
elastic fiber
Definition
types of connective tissue matrix, branched, very stretchy
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
types of connective tissue matrix, collagen coated with glycoprotein for attachment by other cells
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
matire into fiberocytes, make and maintain loose and dense connective tissue
Term
chondroblasts
Definition
mature into chondrocytes, make and maintain cartilage
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
mature into osteocytes, make and maintain bone
Term
hemotopoietic stem cells
Definition
found in red bone marrow, make blood cells
Term
microphages, plasma cells, and other white blood cells
Definition
fight infections
Term
mast cells
Definition
release histamine and promote inflation
Term
adipocytes
Definition
store fat
Term
mesenchyme
Definition
embryonic connective tissue, matures into all other connective tissue types
Term
mucus connective tissue
Definition
supports the umbilical cord
Term
areolar connective tissue
Definition
binds and cushions organs and skin
Term
adipose connective tissue
Definition
only connective tissues with a small amount of matrix, stores fat in adipocytes, insulation, padding, and energy storage
Term
brown adipose tissue
Definition
burns fat without making atp, only generating heat, found only in babies
Term
reticular connective tissue
Definition
reticular fibers provide a soft skeleton to give organs structure and shape
Term
dense regular connective tissue
Definition
fiberous connective tissue, all fibers fun the same way, much strength against force in one direction, attached muscle to bone and other muscles
Term
dense irregular connective tissue
Definition
fibrous connective tissue, fibers run in many directions, much strength against force in any direction, used in skin
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
withstands stretch and compression, tough and flexible
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
similar to hyaline cartilage, but more flexible and more elastic
Term
elastic connective tissue
Definition
branched wavy fibers allow stretching
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but not as firm allows compression, found in joints
Term
bone
Definition
calcified matrix with collagen provides support and protection of body, allows calcium storage and blood cell formation
Term
blood
Definition
blood cells in a liquid matrix transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, etc
Term
membranes
Definition
tissues that combine both epithelium and connective tissue
Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
skin keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with dermis below that is connective
Term
mucous membranes
Definition
line body cavities connected to external surfaces, lubrication, secretion, and absorbtion
Term
serous membranes
Definition
line body cavities and cover internal organs, lubricates two surfaces
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
lines cavities of joints, no epithelum
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
contraction is the only purpose all from mesoderm
Term
skeletal muscle tissue
Definition
striated, voluntary, unbranched, multinucleated cells, connects to bones to move the body
Term
cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
striated, involuntary, branched, found in the heart
Term
smooth muscle tissue
Definition
involuntary, unstriated, spindle shaped
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
regulation and control of the bodily systems, develops from ectoderm
Term
neurons
Definition
stimulates muscles and responds to stimuli
Term
neuroglia
Definition
glia cells protect and support nervous cells
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