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Bio 250 Skyline College
Anatomy Quiz 1
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/24/2016

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Term
What are the types of anatomy?
Definition

1. Gross or macroscopic (regional, systemic and surface)

2. Microscopic (cytology and histology)

3. Developmental (embryology)

Term
Anatomy (define)
Definition
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Term
Physiology (define)
Definition
The study of how the body parts function
Term
Cytology (define)
Definition
The study of cells
Term
Histology
Definition
The study of tissue
Term
Criteria for Life
Definition
1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Dispose of Wastes
7. Reproduction
8. Growth
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
- Forms the external body covering & protects deeper tissue from injury
- Skin, hair, nails
Term
Skeletal System
Definition
- Protects & supports body organs
- Provides a framework for the muscles used to cause movement
- Bone
Term
Muscular System
Definition
- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion & facial expression
- Maintains posture & produces heat
- Muscles
Term
Nervous System
Definition
- As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal & external changes by activating appropriate muscles & glands
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction & nutrient use by body cells
- Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testis
Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
- Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
- Heart, blood vessels
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
- Picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels & returns it to the blood
- Dispose of debris in the lymphatic stream
- Houses white blood cells involved in immunity
- lymphatic nodes & vessels, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow
Term
Respiratory System
Definition
- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide
- Gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
- Nasal cavity, pharynex, larynex, trachea, lungs, bronchus
Term
Digestive System
Definition
- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
Term
Urinary System
Definition
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balances of the blood
- Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
Reproductive System
Definition
- Production of offspring
- Penis, testis, scrotum, prostate, mammary glands, uterus, ovaries, vagina
Term
Serous Membranes
Definition
- Thin, double layered membranes
- Layers seperated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
- Parietal: lines internal body cavity walls
- Visceral: covers internal organs
- Named for specific cavity & organs which associated
- Each has perietal & visceral layers
- Pericardium: heart
- Pleurae: lungs
- Peritoneum: abdominopelvic cavity
Term
Structure of the generalized cell
Definition
[image]
Term
Cell Junctions
Definition
- Some cells are free (ex. blood or sperm cells)
- Most are bound into communities by
- Tight junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap Junctions
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
- Adjacent integral proteins fuse
- Form impermeable junction encircling the cell (prevents fluid from moving between cells)
- Ex. Muscles or blood brain barrier
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
- Rivets that anchor together at plaques (thickenings on the plasma membrane)
- Linker proteins between cells connect plaques
- Keratin filaments extend through cytosol to opposite plaque giving stability to cell
- Reduces possibility of tearing
- Ex. kidneys
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
- Transmembrane proteins form pores (connexons) that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
- For spread of ions, simple sugars & other small molecules between cardiac or smooth muscle cells
- Ex. Heart muscle
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
- Double-membrane structure with inner shelflike cristae
- Provide most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
- Contain their own DNA, RNA & ribosomes
- Similar to bacteria; capable of cell division called fission
Term
Mitochondrion (Image)
Definition
[image]
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
- Granules containing protein and rRNA
- Site of protein synthesis
- Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
- Membrane-bound ribosomes (forming rough ER) synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes or exported from cell
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
- Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisterns
- Continuous with outer nuclear membrane
- Two varieties:
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
Term
Rough ER
Definition
- External surface studded with ribosomes
- Manufactures all secreted proteins
- Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids
- Assembled proteins move to ER interior, enclosed in vesicle, go to Golgi Apparatus
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
- Network of tubules continuous with rough ER
- It's enzymes (integral proteins) function in
- Lipid metabolism; cholesterol & steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids of lipoproteins
- Detoxification of drugs, some pesticides, carcinogenic chemicals
- Converting glycogen to free glucose
- Storage & release of calcium
Term
ER (Image)
Definition
[image]
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
- Stacked & flattened membranous sacs
- Modifies, concentrates & packages proteins & lipids from rough ER
- Transport vessels from ER fuse with convex cis face; proteins modified, tagged for delivery, sorted for delivery, sorted, packaged in vesicles
Term
Golgi Apparatus (con't)
Definition
- 3 types of vesicles bud from concave trans face
- Secretory vesicles (granules)
- To trans face; release export proteins by exocytosis
- Vesicles of lipids & transmembrane proteins for plasma membrane or organelles
- Lysosomes containg digestive enzymes; remain in cell
Term
Golgi Apparatus (Image)
Definition
[image]
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
- Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases & catalases
- Detoxify harmful or toxic substances
- Catalysis & synthesis of fatty acids
- Neutralize dangerous free radicals
- Oxidases convert to H2O2 (also toxic)
- Catalases convert H2O2 to water & oxygen
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
- Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
- "Safe" sites for intracellular digestion
- Digest ingested material- bacteria, viruses & toxins
- Degrade nonfunctional organelles
- Metabolic functions (break down & release glycogen)
- Destroy cells in injured or nonuseful tissue (autolysis)
Break down bond to release Ca2+
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
- Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol; proteins link rods to other cell structures
- 3 types:
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubles
Term
Nucleus
Definition
- Largest organelle; genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
- Responds to signals; dictates kinds & amounts of proteins synthesized
- Most cells uninucleate; skeletal muscle cells, bone destruction cells & some liver cells are multinucleate; red blood cells are anucleate
- 3 regions/structures
Term
Nucleus (Image)
Definition
[image]
Term
Tissue Types
Definition
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
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