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BIO 242 Ch. 19: Blood
The Cardiovascular system: The blood
129
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/27/2013

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Term
Blood
Definition
within blood vessels
Term
Lymph
Definition
found inside lymph vessels
Term
Interstitial fluid (IF)
Definition
found outside cells and in between the cells
Term
Hematology
Definition
he science which studies blood and blood disorders
Term

Functions of Blood

A) transportation 

B) regulation

C) prevention

D) defence mechanisms

Definition

A. Blood is critical in the _____ of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormones

B. It assists in the ______ of pH, body temperature, and water content (osmotic status) of cells

C. It has a vital role in ______ of blood loss through the various processes known as hemostasis

D. It provides  _____ _____ against pathogens via white blood cells

Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
viscosity
Definition
Greater viscosity than water (Water’s viscosity = 1; Blood’s viscosity = 3.0 -4.5)
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Temperature of blood
Definition
38°C (100.4oF)
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
pH of blood
Definition
pH of 7.35 to 7.45 (Below 7.35 = Acidosis; Above 7.45 = Alkalosis)
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
percentage of blood inside the human body
Definition
Blood constitutes approximately 8% of body weight
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Blood volume
Definition
ranges between 4 to 6 liters (for females: 4-5 L; for males: 5-6 L)
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Blood components
Definition
55% plasma and 45% formed elements
Term
hematocrit
Definition
represents the percentage of red blood cells in blood (called Packed Cell Volume (PCV) in animals
Term
anemia
Definition
A lower than normal hematocrit is representative of a condition known as
Term
polycythemia
Definition
An abnormally high hematocrit is representative of?
Term
pluripotent hyematopoietic stem cells
red bone marrow (myeloid)
Definition
Blood cells are formed from ________ __________ ____ ____ found in the ___ _____ _______.
Term
Myeloid stem cells
Definition
give rise to RBC’s, platelets, and all WBC’s except lymphocytes
Term
Lymphoid stem cells
Definition
give rise to lymphocytes
Term
Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
Definition
__________ is stimulated by several hematopoietic growth factors. These hematopoietic
growth factors stimulate differentiation and proliferation of blood cells
Term
Erythropoietin
Definition
which hormone increases the number of RBC precursors?
Term
Thrombopoietin
Definition
increases the number of platelet precursors
Term
Cytokines
Definition
(colony stimulating factors and interleukins) increase the number of WBC precursors
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
____________ are (Red Blood Cells) contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin.
Term
5.4 million
Definition
There are approximately ___________ red blood cells/microliter of blood (1 drop of blood = 50uL)
Term
biconcave
without nuclei
Definition
Erythrocytes are __________ discs __________.
Term
(oxyhemoglobin)
(carbaminohemoglobin)
Definition
Hemoglobin functions to transport oxygen __________ and carbon dioxide _________.
Term
blood pressure
Definition
Hemoglobin functions to regulate _______ ________.
Term
Unsaturated CO2 nitric oxide (NO) exhaled
Definition
__________ hemoglobin picks up ____ and __________, a gas which it releases to the lungs to be ______.
Term
Saturated
oxygen
supernitric oxide (SNO)
Definition
_______ hemoglobin carries fresh _____and ___________ ____ from the lungs and releases them in body tissues.
Term
NO
Definition
__ tends to cause vasoconstriction.
Term
SNO
Definition
___ causes vasodilation
Term
NO
SNP
blood pressure
Definition
By ferrying __ and ___ throughout the body, hemoglobin helps regulate _______ ______ by adjusting the amount of NO or SNO to which blood vessels are exposed.
Term
120 days
Definition
Red Blood Cells only live about because of the wear and tear on their plasma
membranes as they squeeze through blood capillaries.
Term
phagocytosis
macrophages
recycled
Definition
In the RBC life cycle, after _______ of warn-out RBC's by _______ , hemoglobin is ______; the globin portion is split from the heme with the amino acids being reused for protein
synthesis. The iron in the heme portion is reclaimed with the rest of the heme molecule; the rest
becomes a component of bile in the digestive process.
Term

Erythropoiesis

red bone marrow

Definition
__________ is the production of red blood cells in ___ ____ ______ the of some bones
Term
Proerythroblasts
Definition
what type of red blood cells give rise to cells which begin to synthesize hemoglobin?
Term
reticulocyte
Definition
At the end of development, the nucleus is ejected (causing it to become biconcave) and becomes __________
Term
bone marrow
circulatory system
Definition
Reticulocytes pass from the _____ _____ to the _________ ______; now are called erythrocytes
Term
Hypoxia
kidney
erythropoietin
Definition
(low cellular oxygen) is detected by cells within the ______ which stimulates the production of ________.
Term
pro-erythrocytes
reticulocytes
Definition
Erythropoietin travels to the red bone marrow where it speeds the development of __________________
into ___________.
Term
Leukocytes ( WBC’s)
Definition
nucleated cells, do not contain hemoglobin, but do contain cytoplasmic granules.
Term
Granular leukocyte
eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils
Definition
________ ________ include _________, ________, and _________ based on the staining of enclosed granules.
the enclosed granules.
Term
Agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
Definition
_______ ______ have small, resistant-to-staining-cytoplasmic granules and included __________
and ________ (which differentiate into fixed and wandering macrophages)
Term
WBC's
5,000 to 10,000
Definition
_______ usually live for only a few hours or a few days

2. Normal blood contains _______ to _______ leukocytes/uL
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
_________ refers to an increase in the number of WBC'
Term
-philia
Definition
for increased eos, basos, neuts
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
refers to an abnormally low number of WBC's (-penia for decrease in any WBC)
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
the chemical attraction of WBC’s to a disease or injury site
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
___________ combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize, antigen-
antibody complexes, and combat parasitic worms
Term
Basophils
Definition
_______ develop into mast cells that liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in
allergic reactions that inteniify the inflammatory response
Term
B-lymphocytes
Definition
_________, in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens,
differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies (humoral-mediated immunity)
Term
T-lymphocytes
Definition
__________ destroys foreign invaders directly (cell-mediated immunity)
Term
NK lymphocytes
Definition
____________ kills a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain self-tumor cells
Term
Thrombopoietin
Definition
________ stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets
Term
platelet (thrombocyte)
Definition
Each fragment, enclosed by a piece of cell membrane, is a ___________
Term
150,000 to 400,000
Definition
Normal blood contains _______ to _______ platelets/uL
Term
Platelets
platelet plug
blood clotting
Definition
______ help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a ______ ____. Their granules also
contain chemicals that promote _____ ______.
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
refers to the stoppage of bleeding. When blood vessels are damaged or ruptured,
the hemostatic response must be quick, localized to the region of damage, and carefully controlled.
Term
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation,
blood coagulation
Definition
Hemostasis involves ______ _____, ______ ___ ______, and ____ _______ (clotting).
Term
Vascular spasm
Definition
the smooth muscle of a vessel wall will contract to constrict vessel’s lumen
Term
Platelet plug formation
Definition
the clumping of platelets around the damage to slow bleeding
Term
A clot
Definition
_ ___ is a gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) in which formed elements of blood are trapped
Term
coagulation (clotting) factors
Definition
The chemicals involved in clotting are known as __________ ; most are in blood plasma;
some are released by platelets, and one is released from damaged tissue cells
Term
thrombosis
thrombus
Definition
Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called ________; the clot is called a ______.
Term
embolus
Definition
A thrombus (clot), bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or piece of debris transported by
the bloodstream that moves from the site of origin is called an _______.
Term
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)or erythroblastosis fetalis.
Definition
A disorder due to Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus is called ______ ______.
Term
blood typing
Definition
____ _____ in which a sample of blood is mixed with serum containing agglutinins to each of the major
agglutinognes (A, B, and Rh)
Term
Typing
Definition
______ is the determination of blood types, whereas cross-matching is the mixing of donor and
recipient blood for compatibility.
Term
Anemia
Definition
condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced; it is a sign, not a
diagnosis and is usually characterized by a decreased erythrocyte count or hemoglobin
deficiency.
Term
Sickle-cell disease
Definition
inherited disorder due to an abnormal kind of hemoglobin. RBC's
exhibit a characteristic sickle shape, rupture easily, and show a reduced oxygen carrying capacity
which results in hemolytic anemia.
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or
after only minor trauma
Term
Disseminated intravascular clotting
Definition
disorder of hemostasis characterized by simultaneous
and unregulated blood clotting and hemorrhage.
Term
Acute leukemia
Definition
malignant disease of blood-forming tissues characterized by uncontrolled
production and accumulation of immature leukocytes. In chronic leukemia, there is an accumulation
of mature leukocytes in the bloodstream because they do not die at the end of their normal life span
Term
Aplastic anemia
Definition
Anemia is a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood. It can result from a decrease
in the number of erythrocytes, a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte, or both.
The decreased hemoglobin reduces the ability of blood to transport oxygen.
Term
erythropenia (e.g. low crit)
markedly decreased hemoglobin
leukopenia
Definition
The three hallmarks of aplastic
anemia are ________,____ ______ ______, and ______ (with
ALL WBC values markedly "off").
Term
ANTIBODIES
antigen
Definition
______ are protein molecules produced by certain cells, as part of the immune response, against a specific ______.
Term
antigen
Definition
An ____ is a substance, usually a membrane (ie “surface”) protein, that has the ability to provoke an immune
response and the ability to react with the ANTIBODIES (or cells) that result from the immune response.
Term
ANTIBODIES
antigen
Definition
The ______ combine with (they “latch onto”) that specific _____ to neutralize, inhibit, or otherwise destroy it.
Term
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Definition
Another term for ANTIBODIES is __________ , or Ig’s
Term
antigen/ANTIBODY
Definition
The combination of an ANTIBODY with the antigen for which it is specific is called an _____/_______ complex
Term
agglutination
Definition
the process of antigen/ANTIBODY-complex-formation is called ___________.
Term
30
Definition
At least ___ varieties of naturally occurring RBC antigens are common in humans.
Term
Rh blood groups
Rh factor
Definition
for the __ ____ _____ : there are at least eight different types of Rh antigens, each of which is called an __ _____ .
Term
transfusion reaction
Definition
When mismatched blood is infused, a _______ _______ occurs in which the donor’s RBCs are attacked by the recipient’s plasma antibodies.
Term
Males 4.5-6.5 million/micro-liter
Females 3.9-5.6 million/micro-liter
Definition
Normal red blood cell (erythrocyte) count
Term
erythrocytosis
Definition
abnormal increase in red blood cell count
Term
erythropenia
Definition
abnormally low red blood cell count
Term
5,000-10,000/micro-liter
Definition
normal white blood cell count
Term
thrombocytosis
Definition
abnormally high blood platelet cell count
Term
thrombopenia
Definition
abnormally low blood platelet cell count
Term
lymphocytosis
Definition
abnormally high lymphocyte cell count
Term
lymphopenia
Definition
abnormally low lymphocyte cell count
Term
monocytosis
Definition
abnormally high monocyte cell count
Term
monocytopenia
Definition
abnormally low monocyte cell count
Term
neutrophilia
Definition
abnormally high neutrophil cell count
Term
neutopenia
Definition
abnormally low neutrophil cell count
Term
eosinphilia
Definition
abnormally high eosinophile cell count
Term
easoinopenia
Definition
abnormally low eosinophile cell count
Term
basophilia
Definition
abnormally high basophile cell count
Term
basopenia
Definition
abnormally low basophile cell count
Term
anisocytosis
Definition
the abnormal size of red blood cells
Term
macrocytes 0-5
microcytes 10
Definition
two names of "anisocytotic cells" are: _________ (big) and __________ (small).
Term
Males 14-18 gm3/dl
Females 12-16 gm3/dl
Definition
Normal levels of hemoglobin (HGB) are:
Term
Males 40-54%
Females 37-47%
Definition
Normal level of hematocrit (HCT):
Term
poikilocytosis
Definition
abnormal blood cell shape
Term
burr cells
helmet cells
tear drop cells
spherocytes
ovalocytes
elliptocytes
Definition
abnormal blood cell shapes include:
Term
Neutrophils: 60-70%
lymphocytes: 20-25%
Monocytes: 3-8%
Eosinophils: 2-4%
Basophils: 0.5-1%
Definition
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Term
myloid
Definition
WBC's are made in the ________.
Term
36-66%
Definition
Normal values of seg. neut
Term
2-6%
Definition
Normal values of band neuts
Term
1-5%
Definition
Normal values of eosinophils
Term
0.5-1%
Definition
Normal values of basophils
Term
22-45%
Definition
Normal values of lymphs
Term
3-8%
Definition
normal values of monos
Term
240,000-400,000
Definition
normal platelet cell count
Term
bacterial infection
Definition
elevated neutrophils =
Term
viral infection
Definition
elevated lymphocytes =
Term
allergic reaction
Definition
elevated basophils =
Term
parasite
Definition
elevated eosinophils =
Term
allergy
Definition
elavated eos and basos =
Term
monocytes
Definition
______ will be elevated whenever there is an infection because they are phagocytes
Term
plasma proteins, water, other solutes.
Definition
Blood plasma is consists of:
Term
Fibrinogen, Prothrombin & 10 other factors
Definition
Plasma proteins consist of:
Term
7%
plasma proteins
Definition
(___ by weight) of blood plasma are _______.
Term
1) Alpha
2) Beta
3) Gamma (immunoglobins)
Definition
Globulins consist of:
Term
globulins.
Definition
38%% of blood plasma proteins are
Term
water
Definition
91.5% of blood plasma is
Term
Other Solutes
Definition
Electrolytes, Nutrients, Gases, Regulatory substances, Waste products are an example of _______ _______.
Term
Granular Leukocytes
Definition
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils are examples of:
Term
Agranular leukocytes
Definition
Lymphocytes and Monocytes are examples of:
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