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BIO 242 Ch. 18 Endocrine System
Ch. 18 Endocrine System
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/27/2013

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Term
the nervous system
Definition
The ______ system controls body actions through nerve impulses; thus it has a very rapid onset or response(s) and a very rapid end
Term
The endocrine system
Definition
controls body activities by releasing mediator molecules called hormones
Term
Endocrinology.
Definition
The science concerned with the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders
Term
neuroendocrine system.
Definition
nervous and endocrine systems act as a coordinated interlocking supersystem
Term
 endocrine system
Definition
The _______ _______ affects virtually all body tissues by altering metabolism, regulating growth and development, and influencing reproductive processes.
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
Glands are derived from what type of tissue?
Term
endocrine and exocrine
Definition
two kinds of glands are?
Term
Exocrine glands
Definition
secrete their products into ducts, and the ducts carry the secretions to the target site on one of the many body surfaces
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
secrete their products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells from which they diffuse into capillaries to be carried away by blood.
Term
the Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland (aka: Hypophysis), Thymus, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, and Gonads (Ovaries for females and Testes for males.
Definition
the endocrine glands which constitute the Endocrine System include
Term
Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, and Adrenals
Definition
Of these 10 endocrine glands, only five are PURELY ENDOCRINE
Term
the Hypothalamus, Thymus, Pancreas, Ovaries, and Testes.
Definition
the other five glands are not exclusively endocrine in their functioning but do secrete hormones
Term
the: kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose connective tissue and placenta
Definition
Additional tissues whose cells produce/secrete hormones (or hormone-like sub-stances) include
Term
target cells.
Definition
Although circulating hormones travel in the blood throughout the body, they affect only specific _____ ____.
Term
protein or glycoprotein receptors
Definition
Target cells have specific______to which hormones bind.
Term
down-regulation
Definition
When a hormone is present in excess,________, the decrease in the number of receptors, may occur
Term
up-regulation
Definition
When a hormone is deficient,_________, an increase in the number of receptors, may occur.
Term
drugs. (Clinical Application)
Definition
Synthetic hormones that block the receptors for particular naturally occurring hormones are available AS
Term
circulating hormones (aka: endocrines)
Definition
Hormones that travel in the blood and act on distant target cells are called

target cells=blood
Term
local hormones.
Definition
Hormones that act locally without first entering the blood stream are called
Term
paracrines
Definition
Local hormones that act on neighboring cells are called
Term
autocrines
Definition
Local hormones that act on the same cell that produced/secreted them are termed
Term
Lipid-soluble hormones
Definition
include the steroids, thyroid hormones( T3 and T4), and nitric oxide (NO), which acts as a local hormone in several tissues.
Term
Water-soluble hormones
Definition
include the amines; peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins; and eicosanoids (prostaglandins + leukotrienes)
Term
Glycoproteins
Definition
Synthesized on the RER and most have a carbohydrate group also, hence are
Term
water-soluble hormones
Definition
Most _______ circulate in plasma in a free, unattached form
Term
lipid-soluble hormones
Definition
Most _____ _______ hormones bind to transport proteins to be carried in blood
Term
transport proteins
Definition
The _____ _______ improve the transportability of lipid-soluble hormones by making them temporarily water-soluble, retard passage of small hormone molecules through the kidney filter (thus slowing the rate of hormone loss in urine), and provide a ready reserve of hormone already present in blood.
Term
Protein and peptide hormones
Definition
_______ and ______ hormones such as insulin, will be destroyed by digestive enzymes and must be given by injection (Clinical Application).
Term
Action of Lipid-Soluble Hormone
Definition
1. Lipid-soluble hormones bind to and activate receptors within cells.
2. The activated receptors then alter gene expression which results in the formation of new proteins.
3. The new proteins alter the cells activity and result in the physiological responses of those hormones.
Term
Action of Water-Soluble Hormones
Definition
1. Water-soluble hormones never gain entrance into their target cell; rather they alter the target cells’ function(s) by activating plasma membrane receptors, which set off a cascade of events inside the cell.
Term
first messenger
Definition
The water-soluble hormone that binds to the plasmalemma receptor is the ______ _____.
Term
second messenger
Definition
A _______ _______ is released inside the cell where hormone stimulated response takes place.
Term
Peptides (3 – 49 aa’s long) and Proteins (50 – 200 aa’s long)
Definition
THIS IS THE LARGEST CLASS of hormones and includes all Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones; all Pituitary hormones; all Pancreatic hormones;
PTH, Calcitonin, the stomach and intestinal hormones, Erythropoietin, and Leptin.
Term
Hormonal Interactions
Definition
The responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on three factors:
(1) the hormone’s concentration, (2) the abundance of the target cell’s hormone receptors, and (3) influences exerted by other hormones
Term
hormone-to-hormone interactions
Definition
2. Three types of ________to______ _______ are: (1) the permissive effect, (2) the synergistic effect, and (3) the antagonistic effect.
Term
neural control
Definition
control for hormone secretion via signals from the nervous system
Term
humoral control
Definition
control for hormone secretion via chemical changes in the blood
Term
hormonal control
Definition
control for hormone secretion via other hormones
Term
negative feedback
Definition
Most often, ________ _____ systems regulate hormonal secretions
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
The __________ is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
Term
hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Definition
B. The _______ and the _______ ____ regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.
Term
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis, the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis),
pars intermedia
Definition
The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and is differentiated into the _______ ______ ,________ _______ , and _______
Term
Human growth hormone (hGH)
Definition
hormone secreted by somatotrophs.
Term
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
hormone secreted by thyrotrophs.
Term
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
hormones secreted by gonadotrophs.
Term
Prolactin (PRL)
Definition
hormone secreted by lactrotrophs.
Term
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Definition
hormones secreted by corticotrophs.
Term
permissive effect
Definition
the actions of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous (or recent exposure) to a second hormone.
sometimes the permissive hormone increases the number of receptors on the other hormone.
Term
synergistic effect
Definition
when the effect if two hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than the effect of each hormone acting alone.
Term
antagonistic effect
Definition
when one hormone opposes the action(s) of another, the two hormones are said to have a _______ _______
ex: insulin (promotes synthesis of glycogen by liver cells) and glucagon (stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver).
Term
oxytocin (OT)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
c. Hormones made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary are _______ and _________.
Term
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3),
Definition
The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones _____ and ______
Term
Thyroid hormones
Definition
______ ______ regulate oxygen use and basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
parathyroid glands produce the ______ _____.
Term
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
_______ ______ regulates the homeostasis of calcium and phosphate by increasing blood calcium level and decreasing blood phosphate level.
Term
Hormones
very low concentrations
Definition
_____ have very powerful effects when present in _____ ____ concentrations.
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