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BIO 210 Chapter 3
Comp. 3 Cells
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/21/2012

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Term
What is the structural and functional unit of the body?
Definition
cell
Term
What are the two major regions that the cell is divided into?
Definition
cytoplasm and nucleus
Term
What is composed of organelles suspended in cytosol?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
Which part of a cell separates the intercellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?
Definition
cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Term
Name 3 things that make up most of the cell membrane.
Definition
phospholipids bilayer, cholesterol molecules, globular and fibrous proteins
Term
Is the cell membrane selectively permeable (semipermeable)?
Definition
yes
Term
Fibrous proteins act as receptors for hormones, enzymes and antibodies.
Definition
1
Term
Globular proteins act as channels to regulate ion movement in and out of the cells.
Definition
1
Term
What is the gel-like fluid between the nucleus and the cell membrane?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
What is the largest organelle in the cell?
Definition
nucleus
Term
What 4 things make up the nucleus?
Definition
nuclear envelop, nucleolus, chromatin, nucleoplasm
Term
Which structure in the nucleus consists of proteins and DNA?
Definition
chromatin
Term
Which structure in the nucleus consists of proteins and RNA?
Definition
nucleolus
Term
Is the nuclear envelope a double membrane?
Definition
yes; yes
Term
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Where is most of the ATP produced in the cell?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur in the cell?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
What is the general formula for cellular respiration?
Definition
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP + heat
Term
Where is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
Definition
ribosomes
Term
Where can you find ribosomes in the cell?
Definition
produced in the nucleolus in the nucleus and work in the cytoplasm as free-floating ribosomes or attached to RER
Term
What is a network of interconnected flattened sacs that provide a passageway for material to move within the cell?
Definition
endoplasmic reticulum
Term
What is a network of interconnected flattened sacs that provide a passageway for material to move within the cell called when ribosomes are attached?
Definition
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Term
What is a network of interconnected flattened sacs that provide a passageway for material to move within the cell called when no ribosomes are attached?
Definition
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Term
What are the functions of SER?
Definition
cholesterol synthesis; fat metabolism; detoxification of drugs
Term
What is a stack of 4 to 8 membranes where proteins and CHO are modified, packaged and transported within and exported out of the cell?
Definition
Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)
Term
What is a vesicle?
Definition
a membrane bound sac
Term
What is known as the “garbage disposal” of the cell?
Definition
lysosomes
Term
Which type of cell will contain large numbers of lysosomes?
Definition
white blood cells (WBC)
Term
What are short, hair-like structures that extend to the outside of cells that beat rhythmically to move substances across the surface of the cell?
Definition
cilia
Term
What is a long, whip-like structure that propels a cell?
Definition
flagellum
Term
Which human cell has a flagellum?
Definition
sperm cells
Term
List the 4 stages of the somatic cell cycle.
Definition
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, differentiation
Term
In which stage does the maintenance and growth of the cell occur?
Definition
interphase
Term
In which stage does the division of the nucleus occur?
Definition
mitosis
Term
In which stage does the division of the cytoplasm occur?
Definition
cytokinesis
Term
In which stage does the cell become a specialized cell?
Definition
differentiation
Term
How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?
Definition
46; 23
Term
Just before mitosis, what important replications occur during interphase?
Definition
chromosomes replicate and centrioles replicate
Term
What are the 2 parts of cell division?
Definition
mitosis and cytokinesis
Term
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Definition
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Term
During which phase of mitosis does the nucleus disappear, chromosomes condense and the centrioles move to opposite poles?
Definition
prophase
Term
What is DNA called when you cannot see it?
Definition
chromatin
Term
What is DNA called when you can see it?
Definition
chromosome and chromatid
Term
What is a duplicated chromosome called?
Definition
chromatid
Term
What holds the chromatids together?
Definition
centromere
Term
In which phase do the chromatids meet in the middle of the cell?
Definition
metaphase
Term
In which phase do the spindle fibers attach to the centromere?
Definition
metaphase
Term
In which phase are the chromatids pulled apart?
Definition
anaphase
Term
During which phase does cytoplasmic division begin?
Definition
anaphase
Term
During which phase do we begin to see two daughter cells?
Definition
telophase
Term
Which phase is the opposite of prophase?
Definition
telophase
Term
How are the two sibling (daughter) cells alike?
Definition
identical DNA
Term
How are the two sibling (daughter) cells different?
Definition
cell size can vary and the number of cellular organelles within each daughter cell can vary
Term
What is another name for cytokinesis?
Definition
cytoplasmic division
Term
In which phase does the specialization of cells into different cells occur?
Definition
differentiation
Term
What is the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy?
Definition
passive transport
Term
What are 4 examples of passive transport?
Definition
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, osmosis
Term
What is the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a permeable membrane without the use of energy?
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
What is the movement of a solution through a selectively permeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure and no cellular energy is required?
Definition
filtration
Term
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Definition
the force of a moving liquid
Term
What is an example of hydrostatic pressure in the body?
Definition
blood pressure
Term
What is a special case of diffusion where water molecules moves across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration without requiring cellular energy?
Definition
osmosis
Term
Water will move toward a solution that has more or less solid particles in it?
Definition
more
Term
Water will move toward a solution that is more or less concentrated with water?
Definition
less
Term
Water always tries to make a solution more dilute? True or False
Definition
1
Term
What is a solvent + a solute called?
Definition
solution
Term
What is a solvent?
Definition
part of a solution doing the dissolving (usually a liquid)
Term
What is a solute?
Definition
part of a solution being dissolved (usually a solid)
Term
What are 3 types of solutions based on their effects on a cell?
Definition
isotonic solution, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution
Term
Which type of solution has the same concentration of solutes and solvent in the solution as in the cell?
Definition
isotonic solution
Term
Which type of solution does water move in and out of the cell equally?
Definition
isotonic solution
Term
Which type of solution has a higher concentration of solutes in the solution than the solute concentration of the cell?
Definition
hypertonic solution
Term
Which type of solution does the water move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink?
Definition
hypertonic solution
Term
Which type of solution has a lower concentration of solutes in the solution than the solute concentration of the cell?
Definition
hypotonic solution
Term
Which type of solution does water move into the cell causing the cell to swell?
Definition
hypotonic solution
Term
If a cell swells so much that it burst, the cell is said to?
Definition
lyses
Term
If a red blood cell (RBC) swells so much that it burst, what is this called (be specific)?
Definition
hemolysis
Term
Which type of solution can be given intravenously and not cause harm to the RBC?
Definition
isotonic solution
Term
Name 2 types of isotonic solutions that can be delivered intravenously?
Definition
5% dextrose solution or a 0.9% NaCl/100ml solution
Term
What is the movement of substances across the membrane that does require energy and substances to move across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (moves through a globular, integral or carrier protein)?
Definition
active transport
Term
Does a carrier protein change shape during active transportation?
Definition
yes
Term
What is the movement of large particles into a cell called?
Definition
endocytosis
Term
What is “cell drinking” called?
Definition
pinocytosis
Term
What is “cell eating” called?
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What is the movement of specific particles that bind to fibrous proteins on the cell membrane and then are engulfed into the cell?
Definition
receptor mediated endocytosis
Term
What is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration using a carrier protein with no cellular energy being required?
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
What is the movement of particles across a cell that has been captured on one side and then release on the other side of the cell?
Definition
transcytosis
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