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Bio 201
Chapter 12 Practice Questions
45
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/13/2013

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Term
How is the nervous system divided structually?
Definition
Centeral Nercous System & Peripheral Nervous System
Term
The subdivisions of the PNS are ___ , ___, & ____.
Definition
Somatic nervous system- controls skeletal muscle
Autonomic- SYMPATHETIC (responds to short tierm stress) PARASYMPATHETIC (returns body to normal function following stress)
Enteric- controls smooth muscle and glands of the digestive system
Term
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ___ division and the ___ division.
Definition
Sympathetic- responds to short term stress
Parasympathetic- returns body to normal functions following stress
Term
List the 3 functions of the nervous system. Define these terms in your own words.
Definition
Sensory (Afferent)- INPUT senses changes in external and internal enviroment through sensory neurons/afferent neurons to CNS
Intergrative (Processing)- INTERPRETS changes (just in the CNS)
Motor (Efferent)- OUTPUT responds to changes in form of muscular contraction/gland secretion through motor neurons/ efferent neurons
Term
What are the three main parts of a neuron?
Definition
Excitability, respond to stimuli, and conducting action potential (nerve impulse).
Term
What are ganglia? Where are they located?
Definition
Cell body clusters in the PNS
Term
What are nuclei? Where are they located?
Definition
Cell body clusters in the brain
Term
What are horns? Whereare they located?
Definition
Cell body clusters in the spinal cord
Term
What are Nissl bodies?
Definition
(rough ER)- site of protein synthesis within a cell body
Term
What are dendrites? What is the purpose of a dendrite?
Definition
An extension the recieves information along with the cell body in motor neurons and interneurons or generate imput i sensory neurons (once extension becomes myelinated, it is then called an axon.
Term
What is an axon?
Definition
-conduct AP toward the axon terminal
-distal end of axons swell into synaptic end bulbs that contain neurtotransmitters in synaptic vesicles
-bundles of neuron axons in CNS= tracts (axons bundle with neuroglia)
-bundles of neuron axons in PNS= nerces (axons bundled with endoneurium/perineurium/perineurium)
-Frequently myelinated in CNS and PNS
Term
What is the terminal portion of an axon called?
Definition
Neuron
Term
What is contained within the terminal of an axon?
Definition
Neurofibrils- bundles in intermediate filament that provide shape and support
Microtubules- move materials betweem cell body and axon
Term
In the CNS a bunch of neurons would be called?
Definition
tracts
Term
In the PNS what would they be called?
Definition
nerves
Term
Structurally what are the 3 classifications of neurons? How is the classification determined?
Definition
Unipolar-one process from cell body bipolar- 2 extensions (1 dendrite & 1 axon) from cell body
multipolar- mainy extensions from cell body
Term
Draw a quick diagrammatic represntation of each classification.
Definition
DRAW!
Term
Give an example of a location for each classification.
Definition
UNIPOLAR- ganglion outside the CNS
BIPOLAR- spinal ganglia
MULTIPOLAR- brain
Term
List the 3 functional classifications of neurons.
Definition
Sensory (afferent) neuron-strictly PNS- transmit impulses toward CNS from receptors
Motor (Efferent)- transmit impules away from CNS to muscles/ glands
Interneurons (association) neuron- all are found totally within the CNS
Term
What is the difference between each functional classification?
Definition
Sensory- toward the CNS
Motor- away from the CNS
Interneurons- within the CNS
Term
what are neuroglia?
Definition
Clial cells- support, connect, and protect the neurons in both CNS and PNS
Term
Name the neuroglia of the CNS and their main function.
Definition
Astrocytes- twine around neurons to form support, attach neurons to blood vessels, create blood-brain barrier, and produce scar tissue in to CNS (if needed)
Microglia- become phagocytic and remove injured brain or cord tissue
Epindymal- ciliated to assist in circulation of CSF
Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin sheath in CNS
*CAMEO- Cns, Astrocyte, Microglia
Ependymal, Oligodendrocyte
Term
Name the neuroglia of the PNS and their main function.
Definition
Schwann cells- support axons and produce myelin sheath
Satellite cells- support cell bodies
Term
What is a myelin sheath?
Definition
It is a multilayered lipid and rotein covering axons in the PNS and CNS. It electically insulates the axon and increases speed of nerve impulse conduction. Produced around an axon by the following 2 neuroglia cells
Term
What 2 neuroglia cells produce the myeline sheath? What is the difference between each cell type structurally and location?
Definition
Oligodendrocytes- CNS
Schwann cells- PNS
Term
What is the name of the Schwann cell membrane?
Definition
Neurolemma
Term
What is the name of the space created by the gaps ion the myeline sheath?
Definition
Nodes of Ranvier
Term
Describe the difference between white matter and gray matter.
Definition
White matter- myelinated axons
Gray matter- nonmyelinated axons
Term
Explain excitability and action potentials.
Definition
Excitability- ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential
Action potential- electrical signal that runs along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber for a long distance communication.
Term
List the 4 ion channels found in neurons? Describe the differnece between each.
Definition
Leakage channels- (randomly open) cell membranes of muscle/neurons have more K+ leakage channels than Na+
Gated- open and close in response to chemicals like neurotransmitters & hormones
Mechanically- open and close in response to vibration or pressure such as sound waves or pressure of touch/stretch
voltage- open and close in response voltage
Term
What are neurons with just one process extending from the cell body? They are always sensory neurons.
Definition
Unipolar
Term
What are small phagocytic neuroglia?
Definition
Microglia
Term
What helps maintain an appropriate chemical enviroment for generation of action potentials by neurons? It is part of the blood brain system.
Definition
Blood brain barrier
Term
What provide myeline sheath for CNS axons?
Definition
Oligodendrocytes
Term
What contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia?
Definition
The brain and/or spinal cord?
Term
What is a cluster of cell bodies within the CNS?
Definition
nuclei and horns
Term
What forms CSF and assist in circulation? It forms blood-cerebrospinal barrier.
Definition
Ependymal cells
Term
What neuron has several dendrites and one axon? Most common neuronal type.
Definition
Multipolar neuron
Term
What neuron has one main dendrite and one axon? Found in the retina of the eye.
Definition
Bipolar neuron
Term
What provides myeline sheath for PNS axons.
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
What supports neurons in PNS ganglia?
Definition
Satellite cells
Term
What is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord?
Definition
Satellite cells
Term
What is composed primarily of meylinated axons?
Definition
White matter
Term
What are bundles of axons and associated connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS?
Definition
nerves
Term
What is an extensive nerutonal networks that help regulate the digestive system?
Definition
Enteric Plexuses
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