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Bio 201
Chapter 6
38
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/11/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Functions of the skeletal system
Definition
  • support
  • prtect
  • movements
  • store & release of calcium & phosphorus
  • blood cell formation
  • store triglycerides
Term
Types of bones
Definition

 

ØLong bones – bones longer than they are wide

§femur, humerus, phalanges, etc.

ØShort bones – cube shaped
§wrist and ankle
ØFlat bones – thin, flattened and a bit curved
§sternum, scapula, ribs and skull
ØIrregular bones
§vertebrae and hip bones

ØSesamoid bones – develop in tendons under stress

 

Term
Bone Structure
Definition
  • diaphysis- shaft/body (hollow & contains mostly yellow marrow)
  • epiphyses- ends (contains red marrow in proxial epiphysis of humerus and femur
  • metaphyses- where the epiphyses and diaphysis join (epiphyseal plate & epiphyseal line)
Term

Bone Structure:

epiphyseal growth plate

Definition

in adolescents- hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal line), cartilage is replaced by calcified bone

 

Term

Bone Structure:

medullary cavity

Definition
space w/in the diaphysis, contains fatty yellow bone marrow (storage of triglycerides in adults)
Term

Bone Structure:

endosteum

Definition

a membrane, usually a single layer of cells that lines the medullary (marrow) cavity, central and volkman's canals, and covers trabeculae of spongy bone

 

composed of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteoprogenitor cells

Term

Tissues of the Skeletal System:

periosteum

Definition

dense irregular connective tissue

  • contains osteoblasts
  • vascular
  • fracture repair and serves as an attachment point
Term

Tissues of the Skeletal System:

Articular cartilage

Definition

hyaline cartilage

  • found where the bone forms an articular surface
  • prevents friction
Term

Bone Cells:

osteoprogenitor

Definition

osteogenic cells

  • derived from mesenchyme
  • develops into osteoblasts
  • located in inner periosteum, edosteum, Volksman's and central canals
Term

Bone Cells:

Osteoblasts

Definition

building cells

 

*secrete collagen fibers and other organic components

Term

Bone Cell:

osteocytes

Definition

mature osteoblasts (maintenance)

 

Located in lucuna

Term

Bone Cell:

Osteoclasts

 

Definition

breakdown cells

  • develop from monocytes
  • release digest collagen and dissolves Ca2+ salts
Term

Tissue of the Skeletal System:

compact bone

Definition

protection and support

  • forms diaphysis of long bone and the external layer of all bones
  • collagen fibers produced by osteoblasts
  • osteoblasts become osteocytes
Term

Tissue of the Skeletal System:

Spongy bone

Definition

lightweight and provides tissue support

  • forms epiphysis and the internal cavity of long bones
  • has latticework of thin plates called trabeculae
Term

Tissue of the Skeletal System:

Cartilage

Definition

poorly vascularized C.T.

 

  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage or elastic cartilage
Term

Tissue of the Skeletal System:

perichondrium

Definition

dense irregular C.T. 

  • Chondrocytes- cells that form cartilage
  • many bones ar formed from cartilage
Term

Tissue of the Skeletal System:

other important tissues

Definition

Endothelium-forms capallary walls

nerves

Red marrow- hematopoiesis

yellow marrow- fat storage

Term

Histology of Bone Tissue:

Osteons

concentric lamellae

interstitial lamellae

Definition

Osteons are in compact bone and are also harcersian systems formed form concentric lamellae

Interstitial lamellae are between osteons, left over fragments of older osteons

Term

Histology of Bone Tissue:

Outer circumferential lamellae

Inner circumferential lamellae

Definition
  • encurcle the bone beneath the periosteum
  • encircle the medullary cavity
Term

Histology of Bone Tissue:

lacunae

Canaliculi

Definition
  • small spaces between the lamellae which hous osteocytes
  • small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae
Term

Histology of Bone Tissue:

Central Canal

Perforating (Volkmann's) canal

Definition
  • where blood and lymphatic vessels are in the osteons
  • allow transit of these vessels to the outer cortex of the bone
Term

Histology of Bone Tissue:

spongy bone

compact bone

Definition
  • lacks osteons, lamellae are in thin columns called trabecule

trabecule support and protect the red bone marrow and re oriented along lines of stress

Hematopoiesis- blood cell production

  • lacunae contain osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the trabeculae
Term
Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
Definition
  • Periosteal arteries and veins supply the periosteun and compact bone
  • nerves accompany the blood vessels

 

Term

Bone Formation:

Ossification

Definition

process of froming new bone, 4 situations:

  • formation of bone in an embryo
  • growth of bones until adulthood
  • remodeling of bone
  • repair of fractures

 

Term

Bone Formation:

embryo

Definition

starts at 6 weeks

skeleton is composed of fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage is shape of bones

formed by mesenchymal cells

 

Term

Bone Formation:

Intra-membranous ossification

 Endochondral ossification

Definition
  • produces spongy bone; may be remodeled to form compact bone
  • process whereby cartilage is replaced by bone; forms compact and spongy

 

Term

Bone Growth:

4 zones of cells

Definition

zone of resting (quiescent) cartilage - epiphyseal side (no mitosis)

zone of proliferating cartilage – mitosis
zone of hypertrophic cartilage - cartilage cells enlarging
zone of calcified cartilage - dying cartilage cells on diaphyseal side
Term

Bone Growth:

Growth in diameter

Definition
  • Osteons are constructed on the outside of the bone
  • Osteoblasts from the periosteum add new bone tissue, enclosing a blood vessel running though the periosteum
  • osteoblasts in the endosteum continue to make more bone tissue in concentric rings, lamellae, resulting in a new osteon
  • osteoclasts break down the medullary endosteum and destroy bone lining of the marrow cavity
Term
Bone growth and remodeling
Definition

a balance must exist between the actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

bones could weaken or become to soft (rickets-children, osteomalacia-adults)

 

Term

Bone growth and remodeling:

vitamins

Definition

A-osteoblAst

C-Collagen

D- absorption

K & B12- synthesis of bone protein

 

**D-BACK

 

Term

Bone growth and remodeling:

hormones

Definition

Human Growth Hormone (HGh) & IGFs

stimulates osteoblasts for normal bone growth, cell division,muscle growth, loss of fat, protein synthesis, increase in glucose output in the liver

Thyroid hormone- promotes bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and protein synthesis

Sex hormones- causes growth spurt, widening of female pelvis, closing of epiphyseal plates

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) & Calcitonin- help balance levels of calcium and phosphorus

Term
Osteoporosis
Definition

porous bones

  • resorption outpaces bone deposition
  • depletion of calcium
  • caused by decrease of sex hormones w/ advancing age
Term
Osteomyelitis
Definition

bacterial infection in bone

  • bacteria reaches bone by blood, fractures, sinus infection, tooth abscess
Term
Osteogenic sarcoma
Definition
malignant cancer of osteoblasts predominant in young people 10-25 years
Term
Malignant myelomas
Definition

most common

  • myeloid= marrow
  • startin bone or start after metastasis from breast, prostate cancer
Term
Fracture and Repair
Definition

Fracture- any break in a bone

Open- thtough the skin

impact- distal end is shoved into proximal part

comminuted- bone shattered

greenstick- bend (half broken)

Patholoical fracture- chronic disease, trauma

Stress fracture- repeaated activities

depressed- broken portion is pressed inward

spiral- twisted

epiphyseal- seperates from diaphysis

Colles- distal radius

Potts- distal fibula

 

 

 

Term
Repair after a fracture
Definition
  1. hematoma- blood vessels breaking in the periosteum and osteons
  2. phagocytes remove cellular debris and fibroblasts deposit collagen to form fibrocartilaginous
  3. osteoblasts form a bony callus of spongy bone to replace the firocartilage
  4. remodeling- spongy bone is replaces by compact bone (if needed)
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