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BIO 201
Chapter 9
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/10/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term

Articulation

(arthro= joint)

Definition
a point of contact between bones, between cartilage and bone, or between teeth and bone
Term

Functional classification

  • Synarthrosis (-syn=united; together)
  • Amphiarthosis (-ampi= both)
  • Diathrosis (di=apart)
Definition

how much movement is permitted

  • immovable joint
  • slighty movable
  • freely movable

 

Term

Structural Classification

  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
Definition

the presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones and the type of C.T. that binds the bones together

  • bones held together by dense irregular C.T.
  • bones held together by cartilage
  • bones help together by ligaments
Term
Fibrous joints
Definition

no joint cavity; bones held together with dense irregular C.T.

  • Sutures
  • Syndesomoses
  • Interosseous membranes
Term
Sutures
Definition

held togehter with thin dense fibrous connective tissue

  • unites skull bones
  • synarthrotic in adults and amphiarthrotic in children
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition

(band or ligament) fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulation surfaces, and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture

  • ex. between the tibia and fibula at distal tibiofibular joint and gomphosis
Term
Gomphosis
Definition

(bolt/nail) specialized in syndesmosis joint in which pegs (teeth) fit into sockets (alveoli); peridontal ligament hold teeth in sockets; teeth are in the alveoli of the maxilla and mandible

  • synarthrotic- a healthy gomphosis permits no movement
Term
Interosseous membrane
Definition

a substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement

  • amphiarthrosis
Term
Carilaginous
Definition

no joint cavity; bones conected with cartilage, allowing little or no movement

  • synchondroses-connecting cartilage is hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate and costal cartilage)
  • symphyses- fibrocartilage is connecting cartilage (symphysis pubis; amphiarthrotic, junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum, intercertebral disc; amphiarthrotic)
Term
Synovial joints
Definition

space between articulating bones; freely movable (diarthrotic)

  • Synovial cavity- space betwen articulaiton bones
  • articular capsule-surrounds synovial joint and encloses synovial cavity

composed of 2 layers: outer fibrous membrane and inner synovial membrane

Term
Outer layer (Fibrous capsule/membrane)
Definition
  • Composed of dense irregular connective tissue
  • Conctinuous with/attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones
  • Flexible allowing for movement
  • Tensile strength (resistance to stretch) helps prevent dislocation
Term
Inner layer (synovial membrane)
Definition

loose connective tissue with elastic fibers

  • secretes synovial fluid
  • lines cavity except over articular cartilage
  • ligaments may be outside fibrous capsule (ex. collateral ligament of knee)
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
consistency of egg white. Clear/yellow viscous fluid made of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid from the blood plasma (lubricates, absorbs shock, supplies o/nutrients, removes metabolic waste)
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
hyaline cartilage that covers ends of one but does not bind bone together
Term
Ligaments
Definition
band of dense regular C.T. that join one bone to another bone
Term
Bursae
Definition
fluid-filled structures strategically places to minimize friction
Term
Tendon Sheaths
Definition
tbe like bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience a lot of friction
Term
Menisci
Definition
"articular disc" provide superior strength and allow bones to different shapes to fit together
Term

Nerve & Blood Supply:

Arterial branches

Definition
several different arteries merge around a joint before penetrating the articular capsule
Term

Nerve & Blood Supply:

Nerve endings

Definition
respond to the defree of movement and stretch, and convey infromation about pain from the joint to the spinal cord and brain
Term
6 types of synovial joints
Definition
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condyloid
  • saddle
  • ball-and-socket
Term

Synovial Joint:

Plane

Definition
  • articulated surfac are flat or slighty curved
  • allow movement back and forth, side to side, and sometimes rotation

ex. intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, sternocostal joints, vertebrocostal joints

Term

Synovial Joint:

Hinge

Definition

convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another

  • allows flexion and extension

ex. knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal

Term

Synovial Joint:

Pivot

Definition

rounded or pointed surface of one bone fits into ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament

  • allows rotation

ex. atlanto-axial, radioulnar

Term

Synovial Joint:

Condyloid

Definition

oval shaped projection fits into oval shaped depression

  • allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

ex. wrist, metacarpophalangeal (2-5)

Term

Synovial Joint:

Saddle

Definition

articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped; articular surface of other bone "sits" in saddle

  • allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

ex. carpmetacarpal in thumb

Term

Synovial Joint:

Ball and Socket

 

Definition

Ball-like surace fits into cuplike depression

  • allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation

ex. shoulder, hip

Term

Joint Movement:

Gliding

Definition

relaticely flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another

  • limited in range since there is no significant alteration of the agle between the bones

ex. intercarpal joints

Term

Joint Movement:

Angular movements

Definition

increase or a decrease in the angle between articulation bones

  • Flexion- decrease in angle
  • Extension- increase in angle (hyperextension- continuation of extension beyond the normal extension)
  • Abduction- movement away from the midline
  • Adduction- movement towards the midline
  • Circumduction- movement of a body part in a circle
Term

Joint Movement:

Rotation

Definition

a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

  • turning the head from side to side
Term

Joint Movement:

Elevation

Definition

an upward movement of a body part

ex. closing mouth

Term

Joint Movement:

Depression

Definition

a downward movement of a body part

ex. opening the mouth

Term

Joint Movement:

Protraction

&

Retraction

Definition
  • movement of a body part anteriorly
  • movement back to normal

ex. thrusing the mandible forward

Term

Joint Movement:

Inversion

Definition
movement of the foot medially
Term
Eversion
Definition
moving the foot laterally
Term

Joint Movement:

Dorsiflexion

Definition
is bending of the foot at the ankle is an upward direction
Term

Joint Movement:

Plantar Flexion

Definition
bending the foot at the ankle in a downward direction
Term

Joint Movement:

Supination

Definition
movement of the forearm so the the palm is turned upward
Term

Joint Movement:

Pronation

Definition
movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned downward
Term

Joint Movement:

Opposition

Definition
movement of our magnificent opposable thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
Term

Knee:

Patellar joint

Definition
continuation of quadriceps femoris tendon and inserts into tibial tuberosity
Term

Knee:

Oblique popliteal ligament

Definition
connects lateral condyle of femur to the medial margin of the head of tibia
Term

Knee:

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) 

Definition
broad flat ligament that connects medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia
Term

Knee:

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

 

Definition
rounded ligament on the lateral surface of join that extends from lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the fibula
Term

Knee:

Intra-articular Ligament

Definition

ligament within the joint help prevent displacement of artculation surfaces= cruciate ligaments

 

Term

Knee:

Anterior Cruciate Ligament 

Definition
originates anterior to intercondylar eminence of tibia a extends posterior and laterally to medial side of lateral conyle of femur
Term

Knee:

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Definition
originates on the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and extends anteriorly and medially to the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femur
Term
The 4 things that affect ROM
Definition
  1. structure or shape
  2. strength and tension
  3. hormones
  4. disuse
Term

Medial meniscus

&

Lateral meniscus

Definition
  • C shaped, anchored to tibial collateral ligament and is less mobile
  • more circular
Term
Aging
Definition
  • decrease production of synovial fluid in joints
  • Articular cartilage becomes thinner
  • ligaments loose flexibility
Term
What does a hip replacement involve?
Definition
the femur, acetaulum, and the head of the femur
Term
Arthritis
Definition
  • inflammation of joints
  • rheumatoid arthritis- inflammation of the synovial membrane
Term
Osteoarthristis
Definition
affects only articular cartilage and not membrane as in rheumatoid
Term
Gouty arthritis
Definition
uric acid is a product of purie metabolism of DNA and RNA, excreted in urine
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